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Biochem Human Form and Function > TEST #4 Diabetes mellitus German 12/2/16 > Flashcards

TEST #4 Diabetes mellitus German 12/2/16 Flashcards

1
Q

Diabetes mellitus is the inability of the body to regulate what?

A

Blood glucose through insulin

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2
Q

What cells are damaged in type I diabetes?

A

-Loss of insulin producing B-cells

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3
Q

What type of diabetes is insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus?

A

-Type I

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4
Q

What type of diabetes is genetically linked and has juvenile onset?

A

-Type I

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5
Q

What type of diabetes is non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus?

A

-Type II

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6
Q

What are the three components that lead to Type II diabetes?

A
  • Insensitivity to insulin
  • Lifestyle and genetics
  • Adult onset
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7
Q

What type of diabetes develop during pregnancy?

A

-Gestational

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8
Q

What type of diabetes is gestational diabetes similar to?

A

-Type II

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9
Q

T/F

There are a number of other disorders that may lead to diabetes

A

True

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10
Q

How many people are type I Diabetics in the US?

A

-Around 2 million

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11
Q

Do you get a higher glucose blood level and insulin blood level increase with starch rich food or sucrose rich food?

A

-Sucrose rich food

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12
Q

Where are three places that excess glucose is stored as fat?

A
  • Adipose tissue
  • Liver
  • Some target tissue
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13
Q

Polyuria and thirst are found in which type of diabetics?

A

-Both Type I and Type II but more in type I

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14
Q

Weakness or fatigue are found in which type of diabetics?

A

-Both Type I and Type II but more in type I

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15
Q

Polyphagia and weight loss are found in which type of diabetics?

A

-Type I

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16
Q

Blurred vision are found in which type of diabetics?

A

-Both type I and Type II but more in Type II

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17
Q

Peripheral neuropathy are found in which type of diabetics?

A

Both Type I and Type II but more in Type II

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18
Q

Nocturnal enuresis are found in which type of diabetics?

A

-Type I

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19
Q

What are three major signs of diabetes?

A
  • Sweet smelling breath
  • Sweet-smelling urine
  • Impaired wound healing
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20
Q

T/F

Type I and II diabetics have different causes but the symptoms of uncontrolled disease are similar

A

True

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21
Q

When is the onset typically of type I diabetics?

A

-Juvenile

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22
Q

What happens to plasma glucagon at the onset of Type I diabetes?

A

-It is elevated

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23
Q

When you have type I diabetes the insulin target tissues such as the liver, muscle, or fat fail to do what?

A

-Properly absorb nutrients

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24
Q

T/F
Glucose fats and amino acids released into and dysregulated within the blood stream occur in people with type I diabetes.

A

True

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25
Q

Lack of insulin leads to a dysregulated metabolic state of what?

A

-Extreme fasting and starvation

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26
Q

What does uncontrolled type I Diabetes lead to?

A

-Ketoacidosis

27
Q

If you have decreased insulin release from the pancreas what hormone do you release less of from the adipose tissue?

A

-Leptin

28
Q

If you have insulin deficiency what does that do to the glucose in the blood?

A

-reduced glucose uptake

29
Q

If you have reduced glucose uptake what does that lead to?

A
  • Fatty acid oxidation

- Elevated blood glucose

30
Q

What are the three ketone bodies produced when you have an insulin deficiency?

A
  • Acetone
  • Acetoacetate
  • d-B-Hydroxybutyrate
31
Q

When you have an increase of ketone bodies what does that do to the pH of the blood?

A

-Increases blood acidity

32
Q

If you have elevated blood glucose levels what does that lead to?

A

-Osmotic Diuresis that leads to dehydration

33
Q

If you have dehydration what does that do to the blood volume?

A

-Reduces it

34
Q

If you reduce your blood volume what will that do to the concentration of ketone bodies in the blood?

A

-Elevate them

35
Q

What can reduced blood volume and increased concentrations of ketone bodies lead to?

A
  • Coma

- Tachycardia

36
Q

What are three interventions to combat type I Diabetes?

A
  • Insulin administration
  • Glucose Monitoring
  • Diet
37
Q

What type of diet should a Type I diabetic have?

A

-Low carbohydrate (35% or lower)

38
Q

What is the goal of insulin administration?

A

-Maintain fasting blood glucose between 80 and 140 mg/dl

39
Q

What are the two approaches for insulin administration?

A
  • Injections

- Pump

40
Q

What is the purpose of basal insulin injections?

A

-Maintain low level systemic insulin

41
Q

What is the purpose of bolus insulin?

A

-Given when food is consumed

42
Q

What does a pump do for insulin administration?

A
  • Use a single insulin type
  • Continuous basal administration
  • basal insulin when food is consumed
43
Q

What is Hypoglycemia?

A

-Low blood sugar

44
Q

When a person is hypoglycemic and has exhaustion, loss of lucidity, irritability, blurred vision, or a headache has what type of symptoms?

A

-Neuroglycopenic

45
Q

When a person is hypoglycemic and has increased heart rate, sweating, trembling, nausea, and hunger what type of symptoms do they have?

A

-Autonomic symptoms

46
Q

What are the causes of Hypoglycemia?

A
  • Excess insulin
  • Activity
  • Insufficient food
  • Ilness
47
Q

What do you do to treat Hypoglycemia?

A
  • Immediate sugar
  • Glucagon
  • Test blood sugar
  • Repeatedly test
  • Call 911
48
Q

If a person is Hyperglycemic what might be some signs?

A
  • Headache
  • Nausea
  • Thirst, dry mouth
  • Excessive urination
  • Ketones
  • Blurred vision
49
Q

What are the causes of hyperglycemia?

A
  • High blood sugar
  • lack of insulin
  • Inactivity
  • Excess food
  • Illness
50
Q

What is the treatment for someone who is hyperglycemic?

A
  • Insulin
  • Oral hypoglycemic
  • Activity
  • Diet
51
Q

What are some long-term diabetic complications?

A
  • Cardiovascular disorders
  • Blindness
  • Kidney Disease
  • Neurologic complications
  • Impaired wound healing
52
Q

T/F
Type II diabetics have a progressive increase in fasting glucose due to reduced insulin sensitivity followed by a degeneration of insulin production

A

True

53
Q

What are three possible mechanisms of insensitivity in type II diabetics?

A
  • Adipokine signaling
  • Ectopic lipid storage and free fatty acids
  • Inflammatory signaling
54
Q

T/F

Adipose signaling may drive type II diabetes

A

True

55
Q

What are three management approaches to treat type II diabetes?

A
  • Lifestyle
  • Oral hypoglycemics
  • Insulin
56
Q

What do oral hypoglycemics do?

A
  • Increase insulin secretion
  • Increase insulin sensitivity
  • Decrease carbohydrate absorption
57
Q

What are three phases of Type II diabetics?

A
  • Insulin resistance
  • B-cell compensation and stress
  • B-cell failure and degeneration
58
Q

What are common drugs to treat type II hyperglycemia?

A
  • Sulfonylureas
  • Metformin
  • Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated receptor agonists
  • Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors
  • Drug combinations
59
Q

What are the five ways to detect diabetes?

A
  • Urinalysis
  • Glucose monitoring
  • HBA1c
  • Glucose tolerance test
  • C-peptide test
60
Q

What diabetic test tells you what the general concentration of glucose has been for the last few weeks?

A

-HBA1c

61
Q

What test distinguishes between type I and Type II diabetes?

A

-C-peptide test

62
Q

If you have C-peptide found in the blood what type of diabetes do you have?

A

-Type II diabetics

63
Q

If you fail your glucose tolerance test but have no C-peptide in the blood what type of diabetes do you have?

A

-Type I diabetes

Biochem Human Form and Function (28 decks)

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