TEST #4 Diabetes mellitus German 12/2/16 Flashcards
Diabetes mellitus is the inability of the body to regulate what?
Blood glucose through insulin
What cells are damaged in type I diabetes?
-Loss of insulin producing B-cells
What type of diabetes is insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus?
-Type I
What type of diabetes is genetically linked and has juvenile onset?
-Type I
What type of diabetes is non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus?
-Type II
What are the three components that lead to Type II diabetes?
- Insensitivity to insulin
- Lifestyle and genetics
- Adult onset
What type of diabetes develop during pregnancy?
-Gestational
What type of diabetes is gestational diabetes similar to?
-Type II
T/F
There are a number of other disorders that may lead to diabetes
True
How many people are type I Diabetics in the US?
-Around 2 million
Do you get a higher glucose blood level and insulin blood level increase with starch rich food or sucrose rich food?
-Sucrose rich food
Where are three places that excess glucose is stored as fat?
- Adipose tissue
- Liver
- Some target tissue
Polyuria and thirst are found in which type of diabetics?
-Both Type I and Type II but more in type I
Weakness or fatigue are found in which type of diabetics?
-Both Type I and Type II but more in type I
Polyphagia and weight loss are found in which type of diabetics?
-Type I
Blurred vision are found in which type of diabetics?
-Both type I and Type II but more in Type II
Peripheral neuropathy are found in which type of diabetics?
Both Type I and Type II but more in Type II
Nocturnal enuresis are found in which type of diabetics?
-Type I
What are three major signs of diabetes?
- Sweet smelling breath
- Sweet-smelling urine
- Impaired wound healing
T/F
Type I and II diabetics have different causes but the symptoms of uncontrolled disease are similar
True
When is the onset typically of type I diabetics?
-Juvenile
What happens to plasma glucagon at the onset of Type I diabetes?
-It is elevated
When you have type I diabetes the insulin target tissues such as the liver, muscle, or fat fail to do what?
-Properly absorb nutrients
T/F
Glucose fats and amino acids released into and dysregulated within the blood stream occur in people with type I diabetes.
True
Lack of insulin leads to a dysregulated metabolic state of what?
-Extreme fasting and starvation
What does uncontrolled type I Diabetes lead to?
-Ketoacidosis
If you have decreased insulin release from the pancreas what hormone do you release less of from the adipose tissue?
-Leptin
If you have insulin deficiency what does that do to the glucose in the blood?
-reduced glucose uptake
If you have reduced glucose uptake what does that lead to?
- Fatty acid oxidation
- Elevated blood glucose
What are the three ketone bodies produced when you have an insulin deficiency?
- Acetone
- Acetoacetate
- d-B-Hydroxybutyrate
When you have an increase of ketone bodies what does that do to the pH of the blood?
-Increases blood acidity
If you have elevated blood glucose levels what does that lead to?
-Osmotic Diuresis that leads to dehydration
If you have dehydration what does that do to the blood volume?
-Reduces it
If you reduce your blood volume what will that do to the concentration of ketone bodies in the blood?
-Elevate them
What can reduced blood volume and increased concentrations of ketone bodies lead to?
- Coma
- Tachycardia
What are three interventions to combat type I Diabetes?
- Insulin administration
- Glucose Monitoring
- Diet
What type of diet should a Type I diabetic have?
-Low carbohydrate (35% or lower)
What is the goal of insulin administration?
-Maintain fasting blood glucose between 80 and 140 mg/dl
What are the two approaches for insulin administration?
- Injections
- Pump
What is the purpose of basal insulin injections?
-Maintain low level systemic insulin
What is the purpose of bolus insulin?
-Given when food is consumed
What does a pump do for insulin administration?
- Use a single insulin type
- Continuous basal administration
- basal insulin when food is consumed
What is Hypoglycemia?
-Low blood sugar
When a person is hypoglycemic and has exhaustion, loss of lucidity, irritability, blurred vision, or a headache has what type of symptoms?
-Neuroglycopenic
When a person is hypoglycemic and has increased heart rate, sweating, trembling, nausea, and hunger what type of symptoms do they have?
-Autonomic symptoms
What are the causes of Hypoglycemia?
- Excess insulin
- Activity
- Insufficient food
- Ilness
What do you do to treat Hypoglycemia?
- Immediate sugar
- Glucagon
- Test blood sugar
- Repeatedly test
- Call 911
If a person is Hyperglycemic what might be some signs?
- Headache
- Nausea
- Thirst, dry mouth
- Excessive urination
- Ketones
- Blurred vision
What are the causes of hyperglycemia?
- High blood sugar
- lack of insulin
- Inactivity
- Excess food
- Illness
What is the treatment for someone who is hyperglycemic?
- Insulin
- Oral hypoglycemic
- Activity
- Diet
What are some long-term diabetic complications?
- Cardiovascular disorders
- Blindness
- Kidney Disease
- Neurologic complications
- Impaired wound healing
T/F
Type II diabetics have a progressive increase in fasting glucose due to reduced insulin sensitivity followed by a degeneration of insulin production
True
What are three possible mechanisms of insensitivity in type II diabetics?
- Adipokine signaling
- Ectopic lipid storage and free fatty acids
- Inflammatory signaling
T/F
Adipose signaling may drive type II diabetes
True
What are three management approaches to treat type II diabetes?
- Lifestyle
- Oral hypoglycemics
- Insulin
What do oral hypoglycemics do?
- Increase insulin secretion
- Increase insulin sensitivity
- Decrease carbohydrate absorption
What are three phases of Type II diabetics?
- Insulin resistance
- B-cell compensation and stress
- B-cell failure and degeneration
What are common drugs to treat type II hyperglycemia?
- Sulfonylureas
- Metformin
- Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated receptor agonists
- Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors
- Drug combinations
What are the five ways to detect diabetes?
- Urinalysis
- Glucose monitoring
- HBA1c
- Glucose tolerance test
- C-peptide test
What diabetic test tells you what the general concentration of glucose has been for the last few weeks?
-HBA1c
What test distinguishes between type I and Type II diabetes?
-C-peptide test
If you have C-peptide found in the blood what type of diabetes do you have?
-Type II diabetics
If you fail your glucose tolerance test but have no C-peptide in the blood what type of diabetes do you have?
-Type I diabetes
