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Biochem Human Form and Function > Endocrine Physiology Smith 10/31/16 TEST #3 > Flashcards

Endocrine Physiology Smith 10/31/16 TEST #3 Flashcards

1
Q

What four features do feedback mechanisms generally have?

A
  • System variable
  • Set point
  • Detector
  • Corrective mechanism
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2
Q

What is a hormone?

A

-Chemical messengers secreted into the blood or extracellular fluid by specialized cells

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3
Q

What do hormones generally act on?

A

-Remote organ sites

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4
Q

What controls long-term homeostatic processes?

A

Hormones

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5
Q

What are some examples of long-term homeostatic processes?

A
  • Growth
  • Development
  • Metabolism
  • Reproduction
  • Internal environment regulation
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6
Q

How do hormones act?

A

By binding receptors on or in target cells

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7
Q

T/F

Hormones can help control gene expression and protein synthesis

A

True

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8
Q

T/F

Hormones can not control the movement of ions or molecules across membranes

A

False

It can control

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9
Q

T/F

Hormones can control the rates of enzymatic reactions

A

True

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10
Q

What are hormones produced by?

A
  • Endocrine cells

- Organs

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11
Q

What are hormones released by?

A

-Endocrine glands

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12
Q

What hormone controls basal metabolism?

A

Thyroid hormone

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13
Q

Where is thyroid hormone made?

A

Thyroid

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14
Q

What hormone controls energy metabolism and stress responses?

A

Cortisol

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15
Q

Where is cortisol made?

A

-Adrenal cortex

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16
Q

What hormone regulates plasma volume via effects on serum electrolytes?

A

-Mineralcorticoids

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17
Q

Where are mineralocorticoids made?

A

-Adrenal cortex

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18
Q

What hormone regulates plasma osmolality via effects on water excretion?

A

-Vasopressin

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19
Q

Where is vasopressin made?

A

-Posterior pituitary

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20
Q

What hormone regulates calcium and phosphorous levels?

A

-Parathyroid hormone

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21
Q

Where is parathyroid hormone made?

A

-Parathyroid

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22
Q

Define neurocrine:

A

Secretion of hormones into the bloodstream by neurons

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23
Q

What type of hormonal communication is the secretion of hormones into the bloodstream by endocrine glands?

A

Endocrine

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24
Q

What type of hormonal communication is the secretion of hormones into the bloodstream by neurons?

A

-Neurocrine

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25
Q

What type of hormonal communication is: the hormone molecule secreted by one cell affects the adjacent cells?

A

-Paracrine

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26
Q

What type of hormonal communication is: hormone molecule secreted by a cell affects the secreting cell?

A

Autocrine

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27
Q

If you have a bound hormone to plasma carriers do you have an inactive or active hormone?

A

Inactive

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28
Q

What factors effect circulating hormone levels?

A
  • Synthesis and secretion
  • Rate of inactivation
  • Receptor binding/ availability of receptor
  • affinity of a given hormone for plasma carries
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29
Q

What are two hormone classification types?

A
  • Chemical

- Solubility/polarity

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30
Q

What are three examples of hormones that are classified chemically?

A
  • Amine hormones (tyrosine derivatives)
  • Peptide hormones
  • Steroid hormones
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31
Q

What are two examples of solubility/polarity hormones?

A
  • Lipophilic

- Hydrophilic

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32
Q

Are lipophilic hormones polar or non-polar?

A

Non-polar

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33
Q

Are hydrophilic hormones polar or non-polar?

A

-Polar

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34
Q

Which type of solubility/polarity hormone is fat-soluble?

A

-Lipophilic

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35
Q

What type of receptors do lipophilic hormones bind to?

A

-Intracellular receptors (nuclear receptors)

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36
Q

What type of receptors do hydrophilic receptors bind to?

A

-Extracellular cell membrane receptors

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37
Q

What are two examples of lipophilic hormones?

A
  • Steroid

- Thryoid

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38
Q

What are two examples of hydrophilic hormones?

A
  • Peptide

- Catecholamines

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39
Q

What type of hormone is insulin?

A

-Peptide hormone

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40
Q

What type of hormone is cortisol?

A

-Steroid hormone

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41
Q

What type of hormone cannot diffuse through the cell membrane lipid bilayer?

A

-Hydrophilic hormones

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42
Q

What type of hormone does not directly affect the transcription of target genes?

A

-Water soluble hormones

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43
Q

What role do hormones play in signal transduction?

A

-Allows signal transduction to occur when hormones bind to receptors on the membrane coupled to a G-protein that activates a second messenger

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44
Q

What is the second messenger used by most water soluble hormones?

A

-cAMP

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45
Q

What is the first step for hormones that bind to cell membrane receptors?

A

-Bind to membrane receptors

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46
Q

What is the second step for water-soluble hormones?

A

-Activate G-protein by bound receptors

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47
Q

What is the third step for water soluble hormones?

A

–Activated G-protein activates adenylyl cyclase

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48
Q

What are two amine hormones derived from tyrosine?

A
  • Thryoid hormone (long half life)

- Catecholamines (short half lives)

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49
Q

What type of receptor do thyroid hormones bind to?

A

-Nuclear receptors

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50
Q

What type of receptor do catecholamines bind to?

A

-Cell surface receptors

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51
Q

What is an example of a thyroid hormone?

A

-Thyroxine

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52
Q

What is an example of a catecholamine hormone?

A

-Epinephrine

53
Q

Thyroid hormone: Lipophilic or hydrophilic

A

Lipophilic

54
Q

Catecholamines: Lipophilic or hydrophilic

A

Hydrophilic

55
Q

What type of hormone is the most numerous in the body?

A

-Peptide hormones

56
Q

Peptide hormones: Lipophilic or hydrophilic

A

Hydrophilic

57
Q

What is a peptide hormone called that is produced as a larger molecular weight precursor that is inactive?

A

-Preprohormones

58
Q

How do peptide hormones have to be transported in the blood?

A

-Carrier proteins

59
Q

What part of the peptide hormone binds to the cell surface receptors?

A

-Free (unbound portion) because the bound portion is inactive

60
Q

How many steps are needed to produce peptide hormones?

A

Three

61
Q

What is the first step needed to produce peptide hormones?

A

-Genes coding for mRNA, undergo translation into protein precursors

62
Q

What is the second step needed to produce peptide hormones?

A

-Preprohormone formed in the ER that gets broken down into prohormone in Golgi apparatus

63
Q

What is the third step needed to produce peptide hormones?

A

-After posttranslational modification in the golgi the peptide hormone gets secreted

64
Q

What are all steroid hormones derived from?

A

-Cholesterol

65
Q

Steroid hormones: Lipophilic or hydrophilic

A

Lipophilic

66
Q

T/F

Steroid hormones are not packaged, but rather are synthesized and immediately released

A

True

67
Q

How are steroid hormones carried in the plasma?

A

-Hormone-specific plasma binding globulins

68
Q

What are some examples of hormone specific binding globulins?

A
  • Albumin

- Testosterone binding globulin

69
Q

What type of hormone uses the intracellular hormone receptor pathway?

A

-Lipid-soluble hormones

70
Q

When the lipid-soluble hormone is bound what complex does it create?

A

-Hormone-receptor complexes

71
Q

What does the hormone-receptor complex do?

A

-Act as a transcription factor to make mRNA to get translated

72
Q

What is the main source of estrogens in postmenopausal women?

A

-Adipose tissue

73
Q

What converts androgens to estrogens?

A

-Aromatase enzyme

74
Q

What is a negative feedback loop?

A

-Hormone shuts down either the stimulating or the the releasing factors terminating the hormone action

75
Q

What is a positive feedback loop?

A

-Hormones enhance releasing and stimulating factors thus perpetuating additional hormone action (Ovulation: LH and oxytocin)

76
Q

Where can target organ hormones feedback inhibit their own production at?

A
  • Level of anterior pituitary

- level of the hypothalamus

77
Q

Other than target organ hormones, what other type of hormone can feedback inhibit the hypothalamus?

A

-Tropic

78
Q

What general type of hormone is the hypothalamus responsible for releasing?

A

-Releasing hormone

79
Q

What general type of hormone does the anterior pituitary release?

A

Tropic hormone

80
Q

What part of the pituitary is adnohypophysis, a classical gland that secretes protein hormones that stimulate/inhibit target organs and may feedback to hypothalamus?

A

Anterior pituitary

81
Q

What part of the pituitary is neurohypophysis, is not a separate organ, but an extension of the hypothalamus?

A

-Posterior pituitary

82
Q

What feature connects the anterior gland to the hypothalamus?

A

Infundibular stalk

83
Q

What acts as an extension of the hypothalamus?

A

-Posterior pituitary

84
Q

What utilizes the hypophyseal portal system?

A

-Anterior pituitary

85
Q

What is responsible for the adaptation component of the stress response?

A

-Hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal axis (HPA)

86
Q

What type of regulatory implications does the HPA have?

A
  • digestion
  • immune system
  • mood
  • emotions
87
Q

What is osmolality?

A

-Measure of how much of one substance has been dissolved in another substance

88
Q

T/F

Serum osmolality is therefore a measure of how much dissolved blood urea nitrogen, glucose, and sodium are in your serum

A

True

89
Q

What is vasopressin also known as?

A

-ADH

90
Q

What is ADH or vasopressin produced by?

A

-Neurosecretory cells in the hypothalmus

91
Q

Where is ADH or vasopressin secreted at?

A

-Neurohypophysis (Posterior pituitary)

92
Q

What is the main control of vasopressin secretion?

A

-Hypothalamic osmoreceptors

93
Q

How does vasopressin increase the water permeability of the renal collecting ducts?

A

-Inserting aquaporins

94
Q

If your body needs to get rid of water what hormone will the pituitary release less of?

A

ADH

95
Q

Adrenocortical hormones are all what type of compound?

A

-Steroid

96
Q

Where are mineralcorticoids such as aldosterone secreted?

A

Zona glomerulosa

97
Q

Where are glucocorticoids such as cortisol secreted?

A

-Zona fasciculata

98
Q

Where are adrenal androgens such as dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) secreted?

A

-Zona reticularis

99
Q

What does the adrenal medulla secrete?

A

-Catecholamines such as epinephrine and norepinephrine

100
Q

What does aldosterone promote in the kidney?

A

-Sodium reabsorption and Potassium excretion by the renal tubular epithelial cells of the collecting and distal tubules

101
Q

What is a persistently elevated extracellular fluid volume that causes pressure diuresis in the kidney known as?

A

-Aldosterone escape

102
Q

If you have elevated levels of aldosterone what can occur?

A

-Hypokalemia and muscle weakness

103
Q

If you have decreased levels of aldosterone what can occur?

A

-Hyperkalemia with cardiac toxicity

104
Q

T/F

Cortisol stimulates gluconeogenesis in the liver while simultaneously decreasing glucose use by extrahepatic cells

A

True

105
Q

What is the overall result of cortisol on the serum glucose and glycogen stores?

A

-Increases both

106
Q

What does cortisol do to protein stores in the body?

A

-decreases them

107
Q

What type of inflammatory effect does cortisol have?

A

-anti-inflammatory

108
Q

What male hormones does the adrenal cortex continually secrete?

A
  • DHEA
  • Androstenedione
  • 11-Hydroxyandrostenedione
  • Progesterone
109
Q

What does the hormones does the adrenal medulla release?

A
  • Epinephrine

- Norepinephrine

110
Q

What hormones are responsible for short term stress response?

A
  • Epinephrine

- Norepinephrine

111
Q

What type of stress does the adrenal medulla handle?

A

-Short term stress

112
Q

What type of stress does the adrenal cortex handle?

A

-Long-term stress

113
Q

What occurs in the body to long-term stress?

A

-Metabolic changes and immune supression

114
Q

What occurs in the body during acute stress?

A

-Fight or flight response

115
Q

How is cortisol regulated by the HPA axis?

A
  • Hypothalamus signaled by circadian rhythm and stress
  • Hypothalamus releases corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)
  • Anterior pituitary then increases release of ACTH
  • The ACTH increases cortisol synthesis from the adrenal gland
116
Q

What type of endocrine disorder deals with Type I Diabetes Myelitis?

A

-Endocrine gland hyposecretion (Hormone deficiency)

117
Q

What type of endocrine disorder deals with Type II diabetes?

A

-Hormone resistance

118
Q

What type of endocrine disorders deals with Acromegaly and Graves Disease?

A

-Hormone excess

119
Q

What is it called that occurs in patients with adenoma derived from pituitary somatropes that secrete excess growth hormone?

A

-Acromegaly

120
Q

What is a disease that is an example of a disorder mimicking hormone excess by antibodies binding to, and activating, hormone receptors?

A

-Graves Disease

121
Q

What is the most common endocrine disorder diagnosed in the U.S?

A

-Diabetes

122
Q

What is type I diabetes?

A

-Beta cells in the pancreas destroyed

123
Q

What is Type II diabetes?

A

-Insulin is produced but the body is insulin resistant

124
Q

What is Adrenal insufficiency?

A

-Adrenal gland releases to little of the hormone cortisol and aldosterone

125
Q

What is a disease that has adrenal insufficiency?

A

–Addisons disease

126
Q

What gland produces excessive growth hormone that leads to acromegaly/ gigantism?

A

-Pituitary gland

127
Q

What is cushings syndrome?

A

-Excess of ACTH

128
Q

What disorder is insufficient thyroid hormone that leads to fatigue constipation and dry skin?

A

-Hypothyroidism

129
Q

If you produce to much thyroid hormone what is it called?

A

-Hyperthyroidism

Biochem Human Form and Function (28 decks)

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