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Biochem Human Form and Function > 10/26/16 TEST #3 Columbo Renal physiology > Flashcards

10/26/16 TEST #3 Columbo Renal physiology Flashcards

1
Q

How many liters of fluid does the body have at any one time?

A

42 liters

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2
Q

How much urine can you excrete per day?

A

.5 L to 20 L

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3
Q

How many mL per day do you lose in insensible water loss from skin/respiratory tract?

A

700 mL

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4
Q

What is blood volume?

A

-Fluid in the plasma and contained in the RBCs

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5
Q

T/F

Vasodilation can increase the total blood volume

A

True

-But only to a certain point

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6
Q

What does substantial increased blood volume have to do with blood pressure?

A

Increased blood pressure

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7
Q

How many liters of fluid do you find in the blood?

A

5 liters

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8
Q

How do the kidneys help in regulating blood pressure?

A

-By controlling the urine volume

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9
Q

What are two things that kidneys help regulate other than blood pressure?

A
  • Electrolyte balance

- Tonicity

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10
Q

Where is most of the body fluid found?

A

-Intracellular fluid (28 L)

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11
Q

What are(is) extracellular cations?

A

Na+

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12
Q

What are(is) extracellular anions?

A

Cl-

HCO3-

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13
Q

What are intracellular cations?

A

K+

Mg++

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14
Q

What are intracellular anions?

A

Protein

-PO4

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15
Q

T/F

In general waste products are highly filtered and poorly reabsorbed

A

True

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16
Q

What are 4 examples of metabolic waste?

A
  • Urea
  • Uric acid
  • Creatinine
  • Bilirubin
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17
Q

What are 4 examples of foreign substances that the kidneys excretes?

A
  • Pesticides
  • Food additives
  • Toxins
  • Drugs
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18
Q

What is an example of a nonvolatile acid that the kidneys can deal with?

A

-Lactic Acid

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19
Q

What is more important to retain, HCO3- or H+?

A

HCO3-

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20
Q

How can the kidneys produce new HCO3-?

A

-Metabolizing glutamine

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21
Q

T/F

Production of erythropoietin is not a renal function

A

False

It is a renal function

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22
Q

T/F

Gluconeogenesis is a renal function during a fasting state

A

True

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23
Q

What are the two basic parts of the kidney?

A
  • Renal cortex

- Renal medulla

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24
Q

What specialized region do you find in the medulla of the kidney?

A

-Renal Pyramids

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25
Q

What are the renal pyramids composed of?

A

-Nephrons

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26
Q

What are nephrons?

A

-Basic filtration unit

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27
Q

How is each pyramid connected to the renal pelvis?

A

-Papilla

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28
Q

What are the three main processes of the kidney?

A
  • Filtration
  • Modification
  • Excretion
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29
Q

Where do arteries and veins enter and leave the kidney?

A

-The hilum

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30
Q

What does the renal artery branch into?

A

Afferent arterioles

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31
Q

What do the afferent arterioles feed into?

A

-Glomerular capillaries

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32
Q

Where does filtration occur?

A

-Nephrons

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33
Q

Where do the nephrons receive their blood supply from?

A

-Glomerular capillaries

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34
Q

What do the glomerular capillaries feed into?

A

-Efferent arterioles

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35
Q

What do the efferent arterioles form?

A

Peritublar capillaries

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36
Q

What occurs in the capillary bed?

A

-Reabsorption/secretion

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37
Q

Which capillaries associated with the nephron has a higher hyrdrostatic pressure?

A

-Glomerular capillaries (60 mm Hg vs 13 mm Hg)

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38
Q

What is it called when the glomerulus is covered by epithelial cells?

A

Bowmans capsule

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39
Q

What passes out of the glomerulus into the bowmans capsule?

A

Plasma containing solutes

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40
Q

What are the two types of nephrons?

A
  • Cortical

- Juxtamedullary

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41
Q

Which type of nephron penetrates deeply into the medulla?

A

-Juxtamedullary

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42
Q

Which type of nephron penetrates the medulla with only the loop of Henle?

A

Cortical

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43
Q

What type of blood supply is associated with the cortical nephrons?

A

-Peritubular capillaries

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44
Q

Where are the peritubular capillaries associated with the cortical nephron?

A

-Loop of Henle

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45
Q

What type of blood supply is associated with the loop of henle in the juxtamedullary nephrons?

A
  • Vasa recta (specialized peritubular capillaries)

- Efferent arterioles

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46
Q

T/F

The vasa recta in the juxtamedullary nephrons allow highly concentrated urine and less water loss.

A

True

47
Q

How much of the blood plasma presented to the glomerulus enters the proximal tubule via bowmans capsule?

A

20%

48
Q

What is the formula for urinary excretion rate?

A

-(Filtration rate - reabsorption) + secretion

49
Q

What is a normal total GFR per day?

A

180 L

50
Q

Are water, sodium and glucose mostly filtered out for excretion or reabsorbed?

A

Reabsorbed

51
Q

Is creatinine mostly filtered out for excretion or reabsorbed?

A

Filtered out

52
Q

What is found on the glomerular capillary membrane that restricts the size and charge of molecules that are filtered?

A

-Filtration slits

53
Q

How many membrane layers does the glomerular capillary bed have?

A

Three

54
Q

What are the three membrane layers found in the glomerular capillary membrane?

A
  • Endothelium
  • Basement membrane
  • Specialized epithelial cells (podocytes)
55
Q

What unique feature does the endothelium layer of the glomerular capillary have?

A

-Fenestrae

56
Q

What is the purpose of the basement membrane in the glomerular capillary?

A

-Fuse the endothelium and the podocyte layer

57
Q

What is the formula for GFR?

A

GFR= Kf x Net filtration pressure

58
Q

What does Kf measure?

A

-Surface area and hydraulic conductivity?

59
Q

What is the net filtration pressure?

A

The sum of the colloid and hydrostatic pressures across the glomerular capillaries

60
Q

What pressure is Pro-Filtration?

A
  • Glomerular Hydrostatic Pressure (60 mmHg)

- Bowmans capsule colloid osmotic pressure (0 mmHg)

61
Q

What pressures are Anti-Filtration?

A
  • Bowmans Capsule Hydrostatic pressure (18 mmHg)

- Glomerular Colloid Osmotic Pressure (32 mm Hg)

62
Q

What PNS system controls the diameter of the afferent and efferent arterioles?

A

Sympathetic

63
Q

Does constriction or relaxation of the afferent arterioles increase pressure on the glomerulus?

A

Constriction

64
Q

What does the increased pressure on the glomerulus do to blood?

A

Forces it out of Bowmans capsule

65
Q

What does forcing blood out of the bowmans capsule do to the GFR?

A

-Decreases it

66
Q

Minor constriction of the efferent arterioles does what to GFR?

A

-Increases it

67
Q

Major constriction of efferent arterioles does what to GFR?

A

-Decreases GFR

68
Q

Why does major constriction of efferent arterioles decrease GFR?

A

-Traps proteins in Bowmans capsule rasing colloid osmotic pressure

69
Q

What are two systems/hormones that increase (raise) afferent resistance (constrict the afferent arterioles)?

A
  • Sympathetic nervous system

- Catecholamines (norepinehprine)

70
Q

What does Angiotensin II do to the efferent arterioles?

A

-Increase the resistance (constrict the efferent arteriole)

71
Q

What does Angiotensin II do to GFR?

A

Prevents a decrease in GFR

72
Q

What type of feedback links the sodium chloride concentration in the distal tubule with the constriction state of the afferent and efferent renal arterioles?

A

-Tubuloglomerular Feedback

73
Q

Where do you find the macula densa?

A

Distal tubule

74
Q

What does the macula densa do?

A

-Form the juxtaglomerular complex with the walls of both afferent and efferent arterioles

75
Q

What does a decrease in NaCl concentration in the distal tubule indicate?

A

Decreased renal flow (GFR)

76
Q

T/F
The macula densa initiates dilation in the afferent arterioles and causes an increased release of renin when there is a decrease of NaCl concentration

A

True

77
Q

When the macula densa initiates dilation in the afferent arterioles will increase what hormones that subsequently cause constriction of the efferent arterioles?

A

-Angiotensin I and II

78
Q

What differentiates glomerular filtrate in the proximal tubule from blood plasma?

A

The glomerular filtrate has no protein

79
Q

If the body has high osmolarity (low body water) what type of urine will the kidney form?

A

-More concentrated urine

80
Q

What are the different parts of the tubule system of the nephron?

A
  • Proximal
  • Loop of Henle
  • Distal
  • Collecting duct
81
Q

How much of the filtrate is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule?

A

-80 %

82
Q

How much filtrate is reabsorbed in the loop of henle?

A

-6 %

83
Q

How much filtrate is reabsorbed in the the distal tubule?

A

9 %

84
Q

T/F

The tubular reabsorption and secretion involve both active and passive transport

A

True

85
Q

What does Co-transport do in the kidney?

A

-Brings glucose into the cell from tubule with Na+

86
Q

What ion is excreted by counter-transport with Na+?

A

H+

87
Q

What is the main function of the proximal tubule?

A

-Water reabsorption through passive diffusion linked to Na+ gradients

88
Q

Where does water traverse the proximal tubules?

A

Tight Junctions

89
Q

How much water and Na+ are reabsorbed in the proximal tubule?

A

65%

90
Q

What do the cells bordering the proximal tubule have that allows a huge capacity for active transport?

A
  • Brush border

- Mitochondria (tons)

91
Q

Where is most of the glucose reabsorbed?

A

-Proximal end of proximal tubule

92
Q

At the distal end of the proximal tubule what is mainly reabsorbed?

A

-Cl-

93
Q

T/F

Na+ amounts decrease along the tubule but not the concentration

A

True

94
Q

What two segments does the Loop of Henle have?

A
  • Thin descending segment

- Thick ascending segment

95
Q

What is the function of the thin descending segment?

A
  • Highly permeable to water

- 20% water is reabsorbed here

96
Q

What is the function of the thick ascending segment?

A
  • Not permeable to water

- Reabsorbs Na+, Cl-, K+, and Bicarbonate

97
Q

The transporters in the thick ascending segment only have a capacity to maintain how large of an osmolarity difference?

A

200 mOsm/L

98
Q

T/F

The descending segment of the loop of henle has an equal mOsm/L as the interstitial fluid

A

True

99
Q

What two features does the distal tubule contain?

A
  • Macula densa

- Juxtaglomerular apparatus

100
Q

Which part of the distal tubule is impermeable to water?

A

-Proximal part

101
Q

What are the two distinct cell types of the distal half of the distal tubule?

A
  • Principal cells

- Intercalated cells

102
Q

What do principal cells do?

A

Reabsorb Na+ and water from the lumen and secrete K+ into it

103
Q

What do intercalated cells do?

A

-Reabsorb K+ and HCO3- and secrete H+ into the tubule to regulate pH

104
Q

What happens in the presence of ADH?

A

-Increase permeability causing further reabsorption making more concentrated urine

105
Q

What happens in the lack of ADH?

A

-Dilute urine

106
Q

Fine tuning water reabsorption occurs where?

A

-Distal tubule

107
Q

T/F

The cortical collecting ducts have the same cells as the distal tubules

A

True

108
Q

What are the two types of collecting ducts?

A
  • Cortical collecting duct

- Medullary collecting duct

109
Q

What does the medullary collecting duct cells do?

A
  • Pump H+ into the lumen

- Permeable to urea

110
Q

Where is urea passively reabsorbed?

A
  • Proximal tubule

- Collecting ducts

111
Q

Why is urea passively reabsorbed?

A
  • To pull water back out of the tubual system

- Increase the concentration of urea into urine

112
Q

Where does urea go back into the tubule system?

A

-Loop of Henle

113
Q

Is blood flow fast or slow along the loop of henle?

A

-Slow

Biochem Human Form and Function (28 decks)

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