Amino Acid Metabolism 10/24/16 German TEST #3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the essential Amino Acids?

A
  • Isoleucine
  • Leucine
  • Valine
  • Phenylalanine
  • Tryptophan
  • Histidine
  • Lysine
  • Threonine
  • Methionine
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2
Q

What are the non-essential amino acids?

A
  • Alanine
  • Glycine
  • Proline
  • Tyrosine
  • Aspartic Acid
  • Glutamic Acid
  • Arginine
  • Serine
  • Cysteine
  • Asparagine
  • Glutamine
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3
Q

What are the four fates of dietary amino acids?

A
  • Protein synthesis
  • Energy production
  • Biosynthesis
  • Urea excretion
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4
Q

What are the three fates of dietary amino acids?

A
  • Used for protein synthesis within cells
  • Catabolized for energy within cells
  • Transported to the liver and excreted
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5
Q

Where does most amino acid catabolism occur?

A

-Liver

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6
Q

What are four metabolically important amino acids?

A
  • Glutamate
  • Glutamine
  • Aspartate
  • Alanine
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7
Q

What does ammonia do to K+ uptake?

A

-Disrupt astrocyte K+ uptake

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8
Q

What does the high extracellular K+ levels do to GABA receptors?

A

Prevents GABA inhibition

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9
Q

How are amine groups stabilized in the body?

A
  • Urea

- Uric acid

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10
Q

What are two common amino acid catabolism reactions?

A
  • Transaminase reactions

- One-carbon transfers

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11
Q

What does PLP (pyridoxal phosphate) have to do with transaminase reactions?

A
  • Common coenzyme

- Carrier of amino groups

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12
Q

What is an example of a transaminase reaction?

A

A-Ketoglutarate to Glutamate

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13
Q

How is intracelluar ammonia buffered?

A

By converting glutamate to gluatamine

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14
Q

What is the formula for ammonia?

A

NH3

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15
Q

Why do you convert glutamate to glutamine to transport in the blood?

A

Glutamine is non-toxic

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16
Q

What enzyme converts glutamate to glutamine?

A

Glutamine synthetase

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17
Q

How does alanine help transport ammonium to the liver?

A

Glucose-Alanine cycle

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18
Q

How is alanine made?

A

By an aminotransferase cycle with pyruvate to alanine from glutamate to A-ketoglutarate

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19
Q

When does the glucose alanine cycle occur?

A

-Anaerobic states

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20
Q

What other cycle does the glucose alanine cycle coincide with?

A

Cori Cycle

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21
Q

What does the urea cycle ultimately secrete?

A

Liver Nitrogen

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22
Q

How many steps are in the urea cycle?

A

4

23
Q

What is a molecules that is absolutely necessary for the urea cycle to occur?

A

Ornithine

24
Q

What is urea?

A

A stable amine-rich molecule

25
Q

T/F

The urea cycle is ATP dependent

A

True

26
Q

Where does the urea cycle require enzymes from?

A

The mitochondria and cytoplasm

27
Q

What three amino acids are involved with taking amine groups to the mitochondria?

A
  • Alanine
  • Glutamine
  • Glutamate
28
Q

Once you have the amine group inside the mitochondria what two molecules are produced?

A
  • Aspartate

- Carbamoyl phosphate

29
Q

What molecule is used a precursor to make aspartate?

A

Oxaloacetate

30
Q

What removes just the Ammonium from glutamate?

A

-Glutamate dehydrogenase

31
Q

What makes carbamoyl phosphate?

A
  • Bicarbonate
  • ammonium
  • ATP
32
Q

What takes the amine group from carbamoyl phosphate in the mitochondria?

A

Ornithine

33
Q

When ornithine takes the amine group from carbamoyl phosphate what does it become?

A

-Citrulline

34
Q

What gives citrulline another amine group in the cytoplasm?

A

-Aspartate

35
Q

When citrulline receives an amine group from aspartate what does it become?

A

-Argininosuccinate

36
Q

What is a side product released from argininosuccinates conversion to arginine?

A

-Fumarate

37
Q

What is released from the conversion of arginine to ornithine in the urea cycle?

A

-Urea

38
Q

What are the two levels of urea cycle regulation?

A
  • Increased synthesis of the enzymes involved in the urea cycle
  • Allosteric N-acetylglutamate regulation
39
Q

T/F

The citric acid cycle and urea cycle are not directly linked

A

False

They are linked to each other

40
Q

How is the CAC and Urea cycle linked?

A

The aspartate-arginino-succinate shunt

41
Q

What are glucogenic amino acids?

A

-Amino acids that can be converted into glucose

42
Q

What are ketogenic amino acids?

A

-Amino acids that can be converted into ketone bodies

43
Q

What are three important one carbon transfer reactions cofactors?

A
  • Biotin
  • Tetrahydrofolate
  • S-Adenosylmethionine (These are vitamins)
44
Q

What are six amino acids that are degraded to pyruvate?

A
  • Tryptophan
  • Alanine
  • Cysteine
  • Serine
  • Glycine
  • Threonine
45
Q

What are seven amino acids that degrade to Acetyl-CoA?

A
  • Tryptophan
  • Lysine
  • Phenylalanine
  • Tyrosine
  • Leucine
  • Isoleucine
  • Threonine
46
Q

What are five amino acids that are degraded to A-Ketoglutarate?

A
  • Glutamate
  • Glutamine
  • Proline
  • Arginine
  • Histidine
47
Q

What are four amino acids that are degraded to succinyl-CoA?

A
  • Methionine
  • Isoleucine
  • Valine
  • Threonine
48
Q

What are two amino acids that are degraded to oxaloacetate?

A
  • Asparagine

- Aspartate

49
Q

What two pathways can tryptophan enter?

A
  • Pyruvate

- Acetyl CoA

50
Q

What three pathways can threonine enter?

A
  • Pyruvate
  • Acetyl-CoA
  • Succinyl CoA
51
Q

What two pathways can Isoleucine enter?

A
  • Succinyl-CoA

- Acetyl-CoA

52
Q

What two pathways can Phenylalanine enter?

A
  • Acetyl-CoA

- Fumarate

53
Q

What two pathways can tyrosine enter?

A
  • Fumarate

- Acetyl-CoA