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Biochem Human Form and Function > Synapse > Flashcards

Synapse Flashcards

1
Q

What are the benefits for electrical signaling?

A

Covers long distance with minimal loss of signal
Rapid
Quickly Repeated
Information can be conveyed in patterns

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2
Q

What are the limitations for electrical signaling?

A

Binary
Difficult to modify
Energy Intensive
Microenvironment dependent

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3
Q

What is resting membrane potential?

A

The potential energy in the electrical gradient formed across the plasma membrane.

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4
Q

What causes the Resting Membrane Potential?

A

The K+ (Potassium) Leak Channels

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5
Q

Is the inside of the membrane positive or negative?

A

Negative

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6
Q

Is the outside of the membrane positive or negative?

A

Positive

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7
Q

Is the concentration of K+ high or low inside the cell?

A

High

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8
Q

Is the concentration of K+ high or low outside the cell?

A

Low

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9
Q

At resting membrane potential, the membrane is permeable to what Ion?

A

Potassium (K+)

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10
Q

What is Ohm’s Law

A

V=IR

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11
Q

What is Electrochemical Equilibrium?

A

When the concentration and electrical gradients for an ion are in balance

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12
Q

What is an active transporter?

A

Actively moves selected ions against concentration gradient.

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13
Q

What is an ion channel?

A

Allows ions to diffuse down concentration gradient. (Passive)

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14
Q

What are some examples of Ion channels?

A

K+,
Na+,
Ca2+,
Cl-

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15
Q

What is an example of an active transporter?

A

Na+/K+ ATPase

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16
Q

What allows the neuron electrical activity?

A

Membrane Potential

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17
Q

Are the Potassium (K+) leak channels fast or slow flowing?

A

Slow

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18
Q

What helps maintain the electrochemical gradient at the Resting Membrane Potential?

A

Na+/K+ ATPase pump

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19
Q

What is the Nernst Equation used for?

A

To find the Equilibrium potential of an individual ion.

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20
Q

What is Goldmans Equation?

A

To find the Equilibrium potential of the entire plasma membrane.

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21
Q

What creates the Neuron Passive Electrical state?

A

Cytoplasm is electrically resistant

Passive current decays rapidly over space and time

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22
Q

What causes the Action Potential?

A

The sequential opening of Na+ and K+ channels in a voltage and time dependent manner.

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23
Q

What is an Action Potential?

A

A rapid change in membrane potential.

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24
Q

How does the Action Potential move?

A

It is propagated down axons.

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25
Q

Is a Voltage Gated Ion channel Passive or Active?

A

Passive

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26
Q

Is a Ligand Gated Ion channel Passive or Active?

A

Passive

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27
Q

When a Voltage Gated ion channel is open which direction do the ions flow?

A

Down their concentration gradient

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28
Q

Do Voltage-Gated Ion channels have a refractory period?

A

Yes

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29
Q

What makes a Ligand-Gated ion channel work?

A

The ligand binds to ion channel

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30
Q

What are some examples of ligands?

A

Neurotransmitters
Ions
Proteins
Lipids

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31
Q

How much Na+ is moved from the Na+/K+ ATPase working?

A

3 Na+ out

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32
Q

What channels are open during the resting phase?

A

The K+ leakage channel

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33
Q

What causes the Activation Phase?

A

A stimulus that opens stimulus induced Na+ Channels.

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34
Q

Which direction does Na+ flow during the activation phase?

A

Inside the cell

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35
Q

What does the influx of Na+ do to the membrane potential.

A

Raises it in the Positive direction.

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36
Q

What channels are open during the Activation Phase?

A

K+ leakage channels

Stimulus induced Na+ Channels

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37
Q

After you hit threshold which phase happens?

A

Rising Phase

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38
Q

What channels are open during the Rising Phase?

A

K+ Leakage channel
Stimulus induced Na+ Channel
Voltage Gated Na+ channels

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39
Q

What happens when the Voltage Gated Na+ channels are opened?

A

Rapid cell Depolarization

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40
Q

What happens in the Falling Phase?

A

Voltage Gated Na+ Channels are closed

Voltage gated K+ Channels are opened

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41
Q

Can the Voltage Gated Na+ Channels open during the falling phase?

A

No they are in a refractory period.

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42
Q

What is a refractory period?

A

When the Voltage Gated Na+ Channels can NOT open

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43
Q

What helps reestablish the Resting Potential after Hyper-polarization?

A

The K+ Leak channels

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44
Q

Where are axons potentials initiated?

A

Axon Hillock

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45
Q

Where is the Axon Hillock?

A

Where the axon meets the cell body

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46
Q

What direction does the Action Potential travel?

A

Anterograde (Unidirectional)

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47
Q

What are two ways to increase action potential conductance?

A

Increase Axon Caliber

Insulate Axons

48
Q

The CNS insulated axons are called?

A

Oligodendrocytes

49
Q

The PNS insulated axons are called?

A

Schwann Cells

50
Q

What are neurotransmitters?

A

Small molecules

Neuropeptides

51
Q

What is an example of a Neuropeptide?

A

Opioid

52
Q

What are some examples of small molecule neurotransmitters?

A

GABA
Glutamate
Acetylcholine

53
Q

What causes the depolarization of the Presynaptic membrane?

A

The Action potential

54
Q

What does the depolarization of the presynaptic membrane do?

A

Opens Voltage Gated Ca2+ channels

55
Q

What causes the release of the neurotransmitter?

A

The increased intracellular Ca2+

56
Q

What are the three distinct pools that Synaptic Vesicles reside in?

A

Readily Releasable Pool
Recycling pool
Reserve pool

57
Q

What complex allows vesicle release?

A

SNARE complex

58
Q

What is the first step of Neurotransmitter release?

A

Vesicle Docks

59
Q

What is the second step of Neurotransmitter release?

A

SNARE complex form to pull membranes together

60
Q

What is the third step of neurotransmitter release?

A

The entering Ca2+ binds to synaptotagmin

61
Q

What is the fourth step of the neurotransmitter release?

A

The Ca2+ bound synaptotagmin catalyzes membrane fusion by binding to SNARE and the plasma membrane

62
Q

How is the terminal bouton membrane kept in balance from becoming to large?

A

The ultrafast synaptic vesicle cycle

63
Q

What is the Metabotropic Neurotransmitter ?

A

G-Protein coupled
Slower activation time
Prolonged signal duration

64
Q

What does EPSP do?

A

Depolarization of the Post synaptic membrane

65
Q

What does IPSP do?

A

Hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane

66
Q

What does Postsynaptic potential do?

A

It has a summation of the total charge in the membrane from EPSP and IPSP

67
Q

When are neuronal networks established?

A

Early in life

68
Q

What is information processing dictated by?

A

Network connectivity

69
Q

What is included in the CNS?

A

Brain

Spinal Cord

70
Q

What is included in the PNS?

A

Cranial nerves

Spinal nerves

71
Q

What pathway does sensory use?

A

Afferent

72
Q

What pathway does motor use?

A

Efferent

73
Q

What does the brain do to the neuronal networks?

A

Maps them to discrete regions of the cortex

74
Q

Where do you find the emotional and abstract states?

A

Deep Brain areas

75
Q

What is a spinal reflex?

A

Sensory and motor loops that function independent of descending brain control

76
Q

Is the Nervous system a summation of reflexes?

A

NO

77
Q

What is the Hebbian Theory?

A

Neuronal networks undergo activity dependent plasticity throughout life

78
Q

What does neuronal inactivity lead to?

A

Decay

79
Q

What does neuronal activity lead to?

A

Network consolidation

80
Q

When does synapse pruning occur?

A

During Development

81
Q

What is Long-term potentiation?

A

An increase in the strength of neuronal connections

82
Q

What is Long-term depression?

A

A Decrease in the number of neuronal connections

83
Q

What constantly changes the nervous system?

A

Activity or Inactivity

84
Q

How many neurons are used in the somatosensory circuit?

A

Three

85
Q

What is a 1st order somatosensory neuron?

A

Goes from the Mechanosensory neuron to the Brainstem (Medulla)

86
Q

What is a 2nd order somatosensory neuron?

A

Goes from the Brainstem (Medulla) to the Thalamus

87
Q

What is a 3rd order somatosensory neuron?

A

Goes from the Thalamus to the Somatosensory Cortex

88
Q

When do neuron decussate in the somatosensory circuit?

A

During 2nd order neurons at the Medulla

89
Q

On what side of the brain do you perceive something that happened on the left side of your body?

A

Right

90
Q

What is a Dermatome?

A

A cutaneous division of spinal nerve innervation

91
Q

What fills Dermatomes?

A

Sensory Fields

92
Q

What determines the size of a sensory field?

A

The number of neurons innervating a dermatome.

93
Q

Mechanosensory neurons are ____?

A

Psudeounipolar

94
Q

Nociceptors and thermoreceptors have ____?

A

Free nerve endings

95
Q

What are the four types of mechanosensory nerve endings?

A

Merkel’s cells disks
Meissner Corpuscle
Ruffini Endings
Pacinian Corpuscle

96
Q

How many neurons innervate a single mechanoreceptor cell type?

A

A single type

97
Q

How can you increase the somatosensory cortex?

A

Using it

98
Q

What are three types of Pain?

A

Somatic
Visceral
Neuropathic

99
Q

What is Somatic pain?

A

Pain perceived from peripheral cutaneous perception

100
Q

What is Visceral Pain?

A

Pain perceived from internal organ systems

101
Q

What is Neuropathic pain?

A

Pain caused by damage to the PNS and CNS neurons experienced as burning or shocking pain

102
Q

What are the different types of nociceptors?

A

Thermal
Mechanical
Polymodal
Silent

103
Q

What is the first step in pain signaling?

A

Cutaneous nociceptors are activated

104
Q

How many neurons are used in pain signaling?

A

Three

105
Q

Where can pain be gated?

A

Spinal Cord

106
Q

Where do pain neurons decussate?

A

Spinal Cord

107
Q

What drug interacts with central pain receptors to block the transmission of pain stimulus?

A

Opiates

108
Q

How do NSAIDS block pain?

A

Inhibit Cox 1/2 function

Prevent pain peripherally

109
Q

How do Opiates block pain?

A

Inhibit nociceptor to second order neuron transmission

Prevent pain centrally

110
Q

How does the nervous system asses the environment?

A

By networks and maps

111
Q

What are the 4 types of CNS glial cells?

A

Astrocyte
Ependymal cells
Microglial cells
Oligodendrocytes

112
Q

What are the functions of Astrocytes?

A

Help form Blood Brain Barrier
Regulates Interstitial fluid
Most abundant glial cell

113
Q

What is the function of Ependymal cells?

A

Line ventricles of the brain

Assist in circulation of CSF

114
Q

What is the function of Microglial cells?

A

Phagocytosis through the CNS

115
Q

What is the function of Oligodendrocytes?

A

Myelinates and insulates CNS axons

116
Q

What are the PNS glial cells?

A

Schwann Cells

Biochem Human Form and Function (28 decks)

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