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Biochem Human Form and Function > Test #4 Immunology German 11/15/16 > Flashcards

Test #4 Immunology German 11/15/16 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the immune system?

A

-Disparate set of organs and tissues that interact to protect the body from foreign pathogens and dysfunctional cells

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2
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

-An organism that has the potential to cause disease

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3
Q

What are the five classes of pathogens?

A
  • Bacteria
  • Viruses
  • Fungi
  • Protozoa
  • Parasites
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4
Q

What are the five roles of the immune system?

A
  • Kill or control pathogens
  • Control disease
  • Repair tissue damage
  • Organ development
  • Maintain organ integrity and function
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5
Q

What was the first way immunity was practiced?

A

Variolation

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6
Q

What is variolation?

A

-Rub the pathogen into scratches

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7
Q

Who developed vaccinations?

A

-Edward Jenner

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8
Q

What was the first vaccination?

A

-Cowpox exposure

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9
Q

What are the two physical barriers to protect our body?

A
  • Skin

- Mucosal surfaces

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10
Q

What are three endogenous antimicrobial properties found on the body?

A
  • Sebum on skin
  • Low pH in stomach
  • Commensal organisms
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11
Q

When you have a surface wound was is introduced to the body?

A

-Bacteria

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12
Q

What do introduced bacteria to the body through a wound do?

A

-Activate resident effector cells to secrete cytokines

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13
Q

What allows fluid, protein, and inflammatory cells to leave blood and enter tissues?

A

-Vasodialation

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14
Q

What happens to the infected tissue when the barrier was compromised?

A
  • Becomes inflamed
  • Redness
  • Heat
  • Swelling
  • Pain
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15
Q

What are three common effector mechanisms?

A
  • Phagocytosis
  • Granule release
  • Targeted cell death
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16
Q

What does the bacterial cell surface induce?

A

-Cleavage and activation of complement

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17
Q

When complement is activated and cleaved what occurs?

A
  • One fragment bonds to bacterium

- one fragment binds to an effector cell

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18
Q

T/F

The complement receptor on the effector cell binds to the complement fragment on the bacterium

A

true

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19
Q

What does the effector cell do once complement and the bacterium are bound to it?

A

-Engulf, kill, and break it down

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20
Q

What type of immunity has rapid response?

A

-Innate

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21
Q

What type of immunity has a fixed and consistent response?

A

-Innate

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22
Q

What type of immunity has limited pathogen specificity?

A

-Innate

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23
Q

What type of immunity has slow response?

A

-Adaptive

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24
Q

What type of immunity has a flexible response that improves with exposure?

A

-Adaptive

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25
Q

What type of immunity has very selective pathogen specificity?

A

-Adaptive

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26
Q

T/F

Both the adaptive and innate immune systems work together

A

True

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27
Q

What does the adaptive system require to function?

A

-Innate response

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28
Q

T/F

The adaptive immunity retains a memory of previous infection

A

True

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29
Q

What are the two ways immune cells function?

A
  • Direct interaction

- Indirect interaction

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30
Q

What are the two types of direct interaction that immune cells function through?

A
  • Phagocytosis

- Immune Synapse (T Cell-mediated killing)

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31
Q

What are the four indirect interactions that immune cells function through?

A
  • Cytokines
  • Chemokines
  • Cytotoxins
  • Antibodies
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32
Q

What are the four inflammatory cytokines?

A
  • IL-1
  • IL-6
  • IL-8
  • TNF-Alpha
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33
Q

What are the four inhibitory cytokines?

A
  • -IL-4
  • IL-6
  • IL-10
  • TGF-B
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34
Q

Which cytokine is both inflammatory and inhibitory?

A

-IL-6

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35
Q

What are molecules that activate and regulate immune function through cell-surface receptors called?

A

-Cytokines

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36
Q

What are molecules that attract immune cells to a region of the body called?

A

-Chemokines

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37
Q

What are molecules that interact with cells and pathogens to kill them called?

A

-Cytotoxins

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38
Q

What are proteins targeted against specific pathogens to neutralize, remove, or kill them called?

A

-Antibodies

39
Q

What are the four types of chemokines?

A
  • C
  • CC
  • CXC
  • CXXC
40
Q

What are the three types of cytotoxins?

A
  • Perofrin
  • Granzyme
  • TNF-Alpha
41
Q

What is the precursor cell for the adaptive immune system?

A

-Common lymphoid precursor

42
Q

What is the precursor cell for the innate immune system?

A

-Common Myeloid precursor

43
Q

What percentage of leukocytes are neutrophils?

A

-40-75%

44
Q

What percentage of leukocytes are eosinophils?

A

-1-6%

45
Q

What percentage of leukocytes are basophils?

A

-Less than 1%

46
Q

What percentage of leukocytes are monocytes?

A

-2-10%

47
Q

What percentage of leukocytes are lymphocytes?

A

-20-50%

48
Q

What is the function of neutrophils?

A

-Engulf and kill microorganisms

49
Q

Where are large reserves of neutrophils stored?

A

-Bone marrow

50
Q

What leukocyte is the main one released to fight infections?

A

-Neutrophil

51
Q

What two cells can monocytes become?

A
  • Macrophages

- Dendritic cells

52
Q

What is the purpose of dendritic cells and macrophages in the innate immune system?

A

-They are antigen presenting cells

53
Q

How do macrophages kill?

A

-Phagocytosis

54
Q

What to macrophages promote when they kill by phagocytosis?

A

-Inflammation

55
Q

What induces the macrophages to engulf and degrade something?

A

-Bacteria bind to phagocytic receptors

56
Q

What does the binding of bacterial components to signaling receptors and macrophages induce?

A

-Synthesis of inflammatory cytokines

57
Q

What three innate immune cells help with parasite control?

A
  • Mast cell
  • Basophil
  • Eosinophil
58
Q

What are three features of mast cells?

A
  • Antimicrobial filled granules
  • Release immune mediators
  • Prominent at tissue boundaries
59
Q

What are the three features of basophils?

A
  • Granulocyte
  • Target parasites
  • Incredibly rare: not well understood
60
Q

What are two features of eosinophils?

A
  • Granulocyte

- Target helminth worms and intestinal parasites

61
Q

What are the three types of adaptive immune cells?

A
  • T cells
  • B cells
  • NK cells
62
Q

What drives B cell and T cell pathogen specificity?

A

-Clonal expansion

63
Q

What receptors on adaptive immune cells bind antibodies?

A

-Fc receptors

64
Q

What two classes stimulate T cell receptors?

A
  • MHC class I

- MHC class II

65
Q

T/F

Adaptive immune responses are both humoral and cellular

A

True

66
Q

What is a humoral response?

A

-Antibody mediated

67
Q

What is a cellular response?

A

-Mediated by cell-cell interactions

68
Q

What type of antibody is the most abundant antibody?

A

-IgG

69
Q

What type of antibody is the first antibody produced and released?

A

-IgM

70
Q

What type of antibody is secreted from mucosal glands?

A

IgA

71
Q

What type of antibody is a B cell surface antibody?

A

-IgD

72
Q

What type of antibody is a basophil and mast cell surface antibody?

A

-IgE

73
Q

What are the two classes of T cells?

A
  • Cytotoxic (CD8)

- Helper (CD4)

74
Q

What type of T cells kill altered self cells?

A

-Cytotoxic

75
Q

What type of T cells supports the functions of the immune system and other organ systems?

A

-Helper

76
Q

Where are the two places where immune cells develop?

A
  • Bone marrow

- Thymus

77
Q

What are two examples of primary lymphoid organs?

A
  • Bone marrow

- Thymus

78
Q

Where are three that adaptive responses initiate?

A
  • Spleen
  • Lymphoid system
  • MALT
79
Q

What are three secondary lymphoid organs?

A
  • Spleen
  • Lymphoid system
  • MALT
80
Q

Where does myeloid propagation and B cell maturation occur?

A

-Bone marrow

81
Q

Where does T cell maturation occur?

A

-Thymus

82
Q

What does the lymphatic system collect?

A

-Extracellular fluid

83
Q

What organ is responsible for filtering blood borne antigens?

A

-Spleen

84
Q

T/F

Mucosal tissues are points of pathogen susceptibility

A

True

85
Q

What is the first step in the basic process of pathogen resolution?

A

-Injury/Pathogen infiltration

86
Q

After you have injury/pathogen infiltration what is the next step that occurs?

A

-Resident immune cells respond

87
Q

After Resident immune cells respond what is the next step that occurs?

A

-Inflammatory response

88
Q

After the inflammatory response what is the next step that occurs?

A

-Innate pathogen targeting

89
Q

After innate pathogen targeting occurs what is the next step?

A

Pathogenic antigens presented in the lymph nodes

90
Q

After pathogenic antigens are presented in the lymph nodes what is the next step that occurs?

A

-Adaptive immunity is inititated

91
Q

After adaptive immunity is initiated what is the next step that occurs?

A

Ongoing immune response

92
Q

After the ongoing immune response what occurs?

A

-Pathogens are destroyed or sequestered

93
Q

After pathogens are destroyed or sequestered what occurs?

A

-Memory cell are formed

Biochem Human Form and Function (28 decks)

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