Test #4 Immunology German 11/15/16

Question 1

What is the immune system?

Answer 1

-Disparate set of organs and tissues that interact to protect the body from foreign pathogens and dysfunctional cells

Question 2

What is a pathogen?

Answer 2

-An organism that has the potential to cause disease

Question 3

What are the five classes of pathogens?

Answer 3

• Bacteria
• Viruses
• Fungi
• Protozoa
• Parasites

Question 4

What are the five roles of the immune system?

Answer 4

• Kill or control pathogens
• Control disease
• Repair tissue damage
• Organ development
• Maintain organ integrity and function

Question 5

What was the first way immunity was practiced?

Answer 5

Variolation

Question 6

What is variolation?

Answer 6

-Rub the pathogen into scratches

Question 7

Who developed vaccinations?

Answer 7

-Edward Jenner

Question 8

What was the first vaccination?

Answer 8

-Cowpox exposure

Question 9

What are the two physical barriers to protect our body?

Answer 9

• Skin

- Mucosal surfaces

Question 10

What are three endogenous antimicrobial properties found on the body?

Answer 10

• Sebum on skin
• Low pH in stomach
• Commensal organisms

Question 11

When you have a surface wound was is introduced to the body?

Answer 11

-Bacteria

Question 12

What do introduced bacteria to the body through a wound do?

Answer 12

-Activate resident effector cells to secrete cytokines

Question 13

What allows fluid, protein, and inflammatory cells to leave blood and enter tissues?

Answer 13

-Vasodialation

Question 14

What happens to the infected tissue when the barrier was compromised?

Answer 14

• Becomes inflamed
• Redness
• Heat
• Swelling
• Pain

Question 15

What are three common effector mechanisms?

Answer 15

• Phagocytosis
• Granule release
• Targeted cell death

Question 16

What does the bacterial cell surface induce?

Answer 16

-Cleavage and activation of complement

Question 17

When complement is activated and cleaved what occurs?

Answer 17

• One fragment bonds to bacterium

- one fragment binds to an effector cell

Question 18

T/F

The complement receptor on the effector cell binds to the complement fragment on the bacterium

Answer 18

true

Question 19

What does the effector cell do once complement and the bacterium are bound to it?

Answer 19

-Engulf, kill, and break it down

Question 20

What type of immunity has rapid response?

Answer 20

-Innate

Question 21

What type of immunity has a fixed and consistent response?

Answer 21

-Innate

Question 22

What type of immunity has limited pathogen specificity?

Answer 22

-Innate

Question 23

What type of immunity has slow response?

Answer 23

-Adaptive

Question 24

What type of immunity has a flexible response that improves with exposure?

Answer 24

-Adaptive

Question 25

What type of immunity has very selective pathogen specificity?

Answer 25

-Adaptive

Question 26

T/F | Both the adaptive and innate immune systems work together

Answer 26

True

Question 27

What does the adaptive system require to function?

Answer 27

-Innate response

Question 28

T/F | The adaptive immunity retains a memory of previous infection

Answer 28

True

Question 29

What are the two ways immune cells function?

Answer 29

- Direct interaction | - Indirect interaction

Question 30

What are the two types of direct interaction that immune cells function through?

Answer 30

- Phagocytosis | - Immune Synapse (T Cell-mediated killing)

Question 31

What are the four indirect interactions that immune cells function through?

Answer 31

- Cytokines - Chemokines - Cytotoxins - Antibodies

Question 32

What are the four inflammatory cytokines?

Answer 32

- IL-1 - IL-6 - IL-8 - TNF-Alpha

Question 33

What are the four inhibitory cytokines?

Answer 33

- -IL-4 - IL-6 - IL-10 - TGF-B

Question 34

Which cytokine is both inflammatory and inhibitory?

Answer 34

-IL-6

Question 35

What are molecules that activate and regulate immune function through cell-surface receptors called?

Answer 35

-Cytokines

Question 36

What are molecules that attract immune cells to a region of the body called?

Answer 36

-Chemokines

Question 37

What are molecules that interact with cells and pathogens to kill them called?

Answer 37

-Cytotoxins

Question 38

What are proteins targeted against specific pathogens to neutralize, remove, or kill them called?

Answer 38

-Antibodies

Question 39

What are the four types of chemokines?

Answer 39

- C - CC - CXC - CXXC

Question 40

What are the three types of cytotoxins?

Answer 40

- Perofrin - Granzyme - TNF-Alpha

Question 41

What is the precursor cell for the adaptive immune system?

Answer 41

-Common lymphoid precursor

Question 42

What is the precursor cell for the innate immune system?

Answer 42

-Common Myeloid precursor

Question 43

What percentage of leukocytes are neutrophils?

Answer 43

-40-75%

Question 44

What percentage of leukocytes are eosinophils?

Answer 44

-1-6%

Question 45

What percentage of leukocytes are basophils?

Answer 45

-Less than 1%

Question 46

What percentage of leukocytes are monocytes?

Answer 46

-2-10%

Question 47

What percentage of leukocytes are lymphocytes?

Answer 47

-20-50%

Question 48

What is the function of neutrophils?

Answer 48

-Engulf and kill microorganisms

Question 49

Where are large reserves of neutrophils stored?

Answer 49

-Bone marrow

Question 50

What leukocyte is the main one released to fight infections?

Answer 50

-Neutrophil

Question 51

What two cells can monocytes become?

Answer 51

- Macrophages | - Dendritic cells

Question 52

What is the purpose of dendritic cells and macrophages in the innate immune system?

Answer 52

-They are antigen presenting cells

Question 53

How do macrophages kill?

Answer 53

-Phagocytosis

Question 54

What to macrophages promote when they kill by phagocytosis?

Answer 54

-Inflammation

Question 55

What induces the macrophages to engulf and degrade something?

Answer 55

-Bacteria bind to phagocytic receptors

Question 56

What does the binding of bacterial components to signaling receptors and macrophages induce?

Answer 56

-Synthesis of inflammatory cytokines

Question 57

What three innate immune cells help with parasite control?

Answer 57

- Mast cell - Basophil - Eosinophil

Question 58

What are three features of mast cells?

Answer 58

- Antimicrobial filled granules - Release immune mediators - Prominent at tissue boundaries

Question 59

What are the three features of basophils?

Answer 59

- Granulocyte - Target parasites - Incredibly rare: not well understood

Question 60

What are two features of eosinophils?

Answer 60

- Granulocyte | - Target helminth worms and intestinal parasites

Question 61

What are the three types of adaptive immune cells?

Answer 61

- T cells - B cells - NK cells

Question 62

What drives B cell and T cell pathogen specificity?

Answer 62

-Clonal expansion

Question 63

What receptors on adaptive immune cells bind antibodies?

Answer 63

-Fc receptors

Question 64

What two classes stimulate T cell receptors?

Answer 64

- MHC class I | - MHC class II

Question 65

T/F | Adaptive immune responses are both humoral and cellular

Answer 65

True

Question 66

What is a humoral response?

Answer 66

-Antibody mediated

Question 67

What is a cellular response?

Answer 67

-Mediated by cell-cell interactions

Question 68

What type of antibody is the most abundant antibody?

Answer 68

-IgG

Question 69

What type of antibody is the first antibody produced and released?

Answer 69

-IgM

Question 70

What type of antibody is secreted from mucosal glands?

Answer 70

IgA

Question 71

What type of antibody is a B cell surface antibody?

Answer 71

-IgD

Question 72

What type of antibody is a basophil and mast cell surface antibody?

Answer 72

-IgE

Question 73

What are the two classes of T cells?

Answer 73

- Cytotoxic (CD8) | - Helper (CD4)

Question 74

What type of T cells kill altered self cells?

Answer 74

-Cytotoxic

Question 75

What type of T cells supports the functions of the immune system and other organ systems?

Answer 75

-Helper

Question 76

Where are the two places where immune cells develop?

Answer 76

- Bone marrow | - Thymus

Question 77

What are two examples of primary lymphoid organs?

Answer 77

- Bone marrow | - Thymus

Question 78

Where are three that adaptive responses initiate?

Answer 78

- Spleen - Lymphoid system - MALT

Question 79

What are three secondary lymphoid organs?

Answer 79

- Spleen - Lymphoid system - MALT

Question 80

Where does myeloid propagation and B cell maturation occur?

Answer 80

-Bone marrow

Question 81

Where does T cell maturation occur?

Answer 81

-Thymus

Question 82

What does the lymphatic system collect?

Answer 82

-Extracellular fluid

Question 83

What organ is responsible for filtering blood borne antigens?

Answer 83

-Spleen

Question 84

T/F | Mucosal tissues are points of pathogen susceptibility

Answer 84

True

Question 85

What is the first step in the basic process of pathogen resolution?

Answer 85

-Injury/Pathogen infiltration

Question 86

After you have injury/pathogen infiltration what is the next step that occurs?

Answer 86

-Resident immune cells respond

Question 87

After Resident immune cells respond what is the next step that occurs?

Answer 87

-Inflammatory response

Question 88

After the inflammatory response what is the next step that occurs?

Answer 88

-Innate pathogen targeting

Question 89

After innate pathogen targeting occurs what is the next step?

Answer 89

Pathogenic antigens presented in the lymph nodes

Question 90

After pathogenic antigens are presented in the lymph nodes what is the next step that occurs?

Answer 90

-Adaptive immunity is inititated

Question 91

After adaptive immunity is initiated what is the next step that occurs?

Answer 91

Ongoing immune response

Question 92

After the ongoing immune response what occurs?

Answer 92

-Pathogens are destroyed or sequestered

Question 93

After pathogens are destroyed or sequestered what occurs?

Answer 93

-Memory cell are formed