Test #4 Immunology German 11/15/16 Flashcards
What is the immune system?
-Disparate set of organs and tissues that interact to protect the body from foreign pathogens and dysfunctional cells
What is a pathogen?
-An organism that has the potential to cause disease
What are the five classes of pathogens?
- Bacteria
- Viruses
- Fungi
- Protozoa
- Parasites
What are the five roles of the immune system?
- Kill or control pathogens
- Control disease
- Repair tissue damage
- Organ development
- Maintain organ integrity and function
What was the first way immunity was practiced?
Variolation
What is variolation?
-Rub the pathogen into scratches
Who developed vaccinations?
-Edward Jenner
What was the first vaccination?
-Cowpox exposure
What are the two physical barriers to protect our body?
- Skin
- Mucosal surfaces
What are three endogenous antimicrobial properties found on the body?
- Sebum on skin
- Low pH in stomach
- Commensal organisms
When you have a surface wound was is introduced to the body?
-Bacteria
What do introduced bacteria to the body through a wound do?
-Activate resident effector cells to secrete cytokines
What allows fluid, protein, and inflammatory cells to leave blood and enter tissues?
-Vasodialation
What happens to the infected tissue when the barrier was compromised?
- Becomes inflamed
- Redness
- Heat
- Swelling
- Pain
What are three common effector mechanisms?
- Phagocytosis
- Granule release
- Targeted cell death
What does the bacterial cell surface induce?
-Cleavage and activation of complement
When complement is activated and cleaved what occurs?
- One fragment bonds to bacterium
- one fragment binds to an effector cell
T/F
The complement receptor on the effector cell binds to the complement fragment on the bacterium
true
What does the effector cell do once complement and the bacterium are bound to it?
-Engulf, kill, and break it down
What type of immunity has rapid response?
-Innate
What type of immunity has a fixed and consistent response?
-Innate
What type of immunity has limited pathogen specificity?
-Innate
What type of immunity has slow response?
-Adaptive
What type of immunity has a flexible response that improves with exposure?
-Adaptive
What type of immunity has very selective pathogen specificity?
-Adaptive
T/F
Both the adaptive and innate immune systems work together
True
What does the adaptive system require to function?
-Innate response
T/F
The adaptive immunity retains a memory of previous infection
True
What are the two ways immune cells function?
- Direct interaction
- Indirect interaction
What are the two types of direct interaction that immune cells function through?
- Phagocytosis
- Immune Synapse (T Cell-mediated killing)
What are the four indirect interactions that immune cells function through?
- Cytokines
- Chemokines
- Cytotoxins
- Antibodies
What are the four inflammatory cytokines?
- IL-1
- IL-6
- IL-8
- TNF-Alpha
What are the four inhibitory cytokines?
- -IL-4
- IL-6
- IL-10
- TGF-B
Which cytokine is both inflammatory and inhibitory?
-IL-6
What are molecules that activate and regulate immune function through cell-surface receptors called?
-Cytokines
What are molecules that attract immune cells to a region of the body called?
-Chemokines
What are molecules that interact with cells and pathogens to kill them called?
-Cytotoxins
What are proteins targeted against specific pathogens to neutralize, remove, or kill them called?
-Antibodies
What are the four types of chemokines?
- C
- CC
- CXC
- CXXC
What are the three types of cytotoxins?
- Perofrin
- Granzyme
- TNF-Alpha
What is the precursor cell for the adaptive immune system?
-Common lymphoid precursor
What is the precursor cell for the innate immune system?
-Common Myeloid precursor
What percentage of leukocytes are neutrophils?
-40-75%
What percentage of leukocytes are eosinophils?
-1-6%
What percentage of leukocytes are basophils?
-Less than 1%
What percentage of leukocytes are monocytes?
-2-10%
What percentage of leukocytes are lymphocytes?
-20-50%
What is the function of neutrophils?
-Engulf and kill microorganisms
Where are large reserves of neutrophils stored?
-Bone marrow
What leukocyte is the main one released to fight infections?
-Neutrophil
What two cells can monocytes become?
- Macrophages
- Dendritic cells
What is the purpose of dendritic cells and macrophages in the innate immune system?
-They are antigen presenting cells
How do macrophages kill?
-Phagocytosis
What to macrophages promote when they kill by phagocytosis?
-Inflammation
What induces the macrophages to engulf and degrade something?
-Bacteria bind to phagocytic receptors
What does the binding of bacterial components to signaling receptors and macrophages induce?
-Synthesis of inflammatory cytokines
What three innate immune cells help with parasite control?
- Mast cell
- Basophil
- Eosinophil
What are three features of mast cells?
- Antimicrobial filled granules
- Release immune mediators
- Prominent at tissue boundaries
What are the three features of basophils?
- Granulocyte
- Target parasites
- Incredibly rare: not well understood
What are two features of eosinophils?
- Granulocyte
- Target helminth worms and intestinal parasites
What are the three types of adaptive immune cells?
- T cells
- B cells
- NK cells
What drives B cell and T cell pathogen specificity?
-Clonal expansion
What receptors on adaptive immune cells bind antibodies?
-Fc receptors
What two classes stimulate T cell receptors?
- MHC class I
- MHC class II
T/F
Adaptive immune responses are both humoral and cellular
True
What is a humoral response?
-Antibody mediated
What is a cellular response?
-Mediated by cell-cell interactions
What type of antibody is the most abundant antibody?
-IgG
What type of antibody is the first antibody produced and released?
-IgM
What type of antibody is secreted from mucosal glands?
IgA
What type of antibody is a B cell surface antibody?
-IgD
What type of antibody is a basophil and mast cell surface antibody?
-IgE
What are the two classes of T cells?
- Cytotoxic (CD8)
- Helper (CD4)
What type of T cells kill altered self cells?
-Cytotoxic
What type of T cells supports the functions of the immune system and other organ systems?
-Helper
Where are the two places where immune cells develop?
- Bone marrow
- Thymus
What are two examples of primary lymphoid organs?
- Bone marrow
- Thymus
Where are three that adaptive responses initiate?
- Spleen
- Lymphoid system
- MALT
What are three secondary lymphoid organs?
- Spleen
- Lymphoid system
- MALT
Where does myeloid propagation and B cell maturation occur?
-Bone marrow
Where does T cell maturation occur?
-Thymus
What does the lymphatic system collect?
-Extracellular fluid
What organ is responsible for filtering blood borne antigens?
-Spleen
T/F
Mucosal tissues are points of pathogen susceptibility
True
What is the first step in the basic process of pathogen resolution?
-Injury/Pathogen infiltration
After you have injury/pathogen infiltration what is the next step that occurs?
-Resident immune cells respond
After Resident immune cells respond what is the next step that occurs?
-Inflammatory response
After the inflammatory response what is the next step that occurs?
-Innate pathogen targeting
After innate pathogen targeting occurs what is the next step?
Pathogenic antigens presented in the lymph nodes
After pathogenic antigens are presented in the lymph nodes what is the next step that occurs?
-Adaptive immunity is inititated
After adaptive immunity is initiated what is the next step that occurs?
Ongoing immune response
After the ongoing immune response what occurs?
-Pathogens are destroyed or sequestered
After pathogens are destroyed or sequestered what occurs?
-Memory cell are formed
