Pancreas, Liver, and Gallbladder German 9/29/16

Question 1

T/F

The pancreas, liver, and gallbladder are gastrointestinal digestive organs

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Which two organs are endocrine organs?

Answer 2

• Liver

- Pancreas

Question 3

What are two functions of the pancreas, liver, and gallbladder?

Answer 3

• Regulate Digestion

- Maintain metabolic homeostasis

Question 4

Exocrine or Endocrine:

Secretion onto a surface.

Answer 4

Exocrine

Question 5

Exocrine or Endocrine:

Epithelial cells with diverse secretion types

Answer 5

Exocrine

Question 6

Exocrine or Endocrine:

Secrete into the vasculature

Answer 6

Endocrine

Question 7

Exocrine or Endocrine:

Epithelial and non-epithelial cells and exocytosis

Answer 7

Endocrine

Question 8

What secretes the primary constituent from the exocrine glands?

Answer 8

The acini

Question 9

What are the three types of exocrine glands?

Answer 9

• Merocrine
• Holocrine
• Apocrine

Question 10

Which type of exocrine gland is the most common and releases products via exocytosis at the apical end of secretory cells?

Answer 10

Merocrine

Question 11

What type of exocrine gland is the secretory cells disintegrate to form the secretion?

Answer 11

Holocrine

Question 12

What type of exocrine gland is the secretion of membrane-enclosed apical cytoplasm containing proteins and lipids?

Answer 12

Apocrine

Question 13

What type of exocrine gland is the salivary glands and the pancreas?

Answer 13

Merocrine

Question 14

What type of exocrine gland is a sebaceous gland?

Answer 14

Holocrine

Question 15

What type of exocrine gland is a mammary gland?

Answer 15

Apocrine

Question 16

What cells of the pancreas are responsible for endocrine function?

Answer 16

Islets of Langerhans

Question 17

What is an endocrine function of the pancreas?

Answer 17

Release protein and polypeptide hormones

Question 18

What cells of the pancreas are responsible for exocrine function?

Answer 18

Acinar cells

Question 19

What is the exocrine function of the pancreas?

Answer 19

Release digestive molecules into the duodenum

Question 20

What do the acinar cells of the panceas release?

Answer 20

Zymogen granules into intercalated ducts

Question 21

What four things are found in the zymogen granules?

Answer 21

• A-amylase
• Lipases
• Nucleases
• Proteases

Question 22

What does trypsinogen do?

Answer 22

Cleaved into trypsin via enterokinase

Question 23

What does trypsin do?

Answer 23

cleaves chymotrypsinogen to chymotrypsin

Question 24

What is elastase activated by?

Answer 24

Trypsin

Question 25

Why are zymogen granules activated in the duodenum?

Answer 25

To protect the acinar cells

Question 26

What cells produce HCO3- to create an alkaline solution that flushes secretions into the duodenum?

Answer 26

Controacinar cells

Question 27

What does CCK and secretin induce?

Answer 27

Acinar and controacinar exocrine activity

Question 28

T/F CCK is a neuropeptide of the central and enteric nervous systems

Answer 28

True

Question 29

What are the four cells found in the islets of langerhan?

Answer 29

- Alpha cells - Beta Cells - Delta cells - PP cells

Question 30

What do the alpha cells do?

Answer 30

-Secrete glucagon

Question 31

What percentage of the islets of langerhan do the alpha cells make up?

Answer 31

30%

Question 32

What do the beta cells do?

Answer 32

Secrete insulin

Question 33

What percentage of the islets of langerhan to the beta cells make up?

Answer 33

65%

Question 34

What do the delta cells do?

Answer 34

Secrete somatostatin

Question 35

What percentage of the islets of langerhan to the delta cells make up?

Answer 35

4%

Question 36

What do the PP cells do?

Answer 36

Secrete pancreatic polypeptide

Question 37

What percentage of the islets of langerhan do the PP cells make up?

Answer 37

less than 1%

Question 38

What are the four functions of the liver?

Answer 38

- Blood reservoir - Bile secretion - Detoxification - Metabolic homeostasis

Question 39

How does the liver help maintain blood homeostasis?

Answer 39

- Carbohydrate metabolism - Lipid Metabolism - Protein Metabolism - Storage - Serum protein production

Question 40

The liver can have what percentage of blood at any given time?

Answer 40

20%

Question 41

What are the major cells types of the liver?

Answer 41

- Hepatocyte - Kupffer cells - Sinusoidal epithelial cells

Question 42

Which type of liver cell has polarized epithelial cells?

Answer 42

Hepatocyte

Question 43

Which type of liver cell metabolizes carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids?

Answer 43

Hepatocytes

Question 44

Which type of liver cell produces bile from cholesterol?

Answer 44

Hepatocytes

Question 45

Which type of liver cell detoxifies endogenous and xenobiotic molecules?

Answer 45

Hepatocytes

Question 46

What type of cell is a liver macrophage?

Answer 46

Kupffer cell

Question 47

Which type of liver cell has large pores between cells (fenestrae)?

Answer 47

Sinusoidal cells

Question 48

What is the normal volume of blood in the liver?

Answer 48

450 mL

Question 49

How much expansion of blood can the liver hold?

Answer 49

.5 to 1 L

Question 50

T/F | The portal vein does not allow first pass metabolism

Answer 50

False | It does allow first pass metabolism

Question 51

What are the three structures found in the function liver architecture classification system?

Answer 51

- Classic hepatic lobule - Portal lobule - Hepatic Acinus

Question 52

What does the classic hepatic lobule do?

Answer 52

- Blood drains from the portal vein and hepatic artery to the central vein - Endocrine focus

Question 53

What does the portal lobule do?

Answer 53

- Bile drains from hepatocytes to the bile ducts | - Exocrine focus

Question 54

What does the hepatic acinus do?

Answer 54

- Microvasculature divided into circulatory zones | - Gradient of hepatocyte oxygenation

Question 55

How many zones are found in the hepatic acinus?

Answer 55

Three

Question 56

What occurs in zone I?

Answer 56

Periportal zone; Oxygen and nutrient rich

Question 57

What occurs in zone II?

Answer 57

Intermediate zone

Question 58

What occurs in zone III?

Answer 58

Peripheral zone; oxygen poor

Question 59

What three things does the liver store?

Answer 59

- Vitamins - Fatty acids - Iron

Question 60

What is first pass metabolism?

Answer 60

Allows the liver to act as a sensor for glucose and lipids

Question 61

How many phases are there in xenobiotic and molecule elimination?

Answer 61

two

Question 62

What phase are drugs/molecules converted to more polar compounds and oxidized?

Answer 62

Phase I

Question 63

What phase do you find cytochrome p450 and microsomal oxidases?

Answer 63

Phase I

Question 64

What phase do drugs/molecules conjugate to hydrophilic molecules?

Answer 64

Phase II

Question 65

What phase do you find transferases?

Answer 65

Phase II

Question 66

How are metabolites eliminated?

Answer 66

Bile | Urine

Question 67

What does bile contain?

Answer 67

- Bile salts - Cholesterol - Phospholipids' - Bilirubins - Waste

Question 68

What does bile do to intestinal contents?

Answer 68

Alkanilizes them

Question 69

What zone do you find cytochrome p450s from phase I?

Answer 69

Zone III

Question 70

T/F | Bile is recycled

Answer 70

True

Question 71

What cells produce bile?

Answer 71

Hepatocytes

Question 72

What hormone stimulates bile release?

Answer 72

CCK

Question 73

How does CCK stimulate bile release?

Answer 73

- Contracts gallbladder smooth muscle | - Relaxes hepatopancreatic sphincter

Question 74

What hormone stimulates the secretion of HCO3 into the bile?

Answer 74

Secretin