Pancreas, Liver, and Gallbladder German 9/29/16 Flashcards
T/F
The pancreas, liver, and gallbladder are gastrointestinal digestive organs
True
Which two organs are endocrine organs?
- Liver
- Pancreas
What are two functions of the pancreas, liver, and gallbladder?
- Regulate Digestion
- Maintain metabolic homeostasis
Exocrine or Endocrine:
Secretion onto a surface.
Exocrine
Exocrine or Endocrine:
Epithelial cells with diverse secretion types
Exocrine
Exocrine or Endocrine:
Secrete into the vasculature
Endocrine
Exocrine or Endocrine:
Epithelial and non-epithelial cells and exocytosis
Endocrine
What secretes the primary constituent from the exocrine glands?
The acini
What are the three types of exocrine glands?
- Merocrine
- Holocrine
- Apocrine
Which type of exocrine gland is the most common and releases products via exocytosis at the apical end of secretory cells?
Merocrine
What type of exocrine gland is the secretory cells disintegrate to form the secretion?
Holocrine
What type of exocrine gland is the secretion of membrane-enclosed apical cytoplasm containing proteins and lipids?
Apocrine
What type of exocrine gland is the salivary glands and the pancreas?
Merocrine
What type of exocrine gland is a sebaceous gland?
Holocrine
What type of exocrine gland is a mammary gland?
Apocrine
What cells of the pancreas are responsible for endocrine function?
Islets of Langerhans
What is an endocrine function of the pancreas?
Release protein and polypeptide hormones
What cells of the pancreas are responsible for exocrine function?
Acinar cells
What is the exocrine function of the pancreas?
Release digestive molecules into the duodenum
What do the acinar cells of the panceas release?
Zymogen granules into intercalated ducts
What four things are found in the zymogen granules?
- A-amylase
- Lipases
- Nucleases
- Proteases
What does trypsinogen do?
Cleaved into trypsin via enterokinase
What does trypsin do?
cleaves chymotrypsinogen to chymotrypsin
What is elastase activated by?
Trypsin
Why are zymogen granules activated in the duodenum?
To protect the acinar cells
What cells produce HCO3- to create an alkaline solution that flushes secretions into the duodenum?
Controacinar cells
What does CCK and secretin induce?
Acinar and controacinar exocrine activity
T/F CCK is a neuropeptide of the central and enteric nervous systems
True
What are the four cells found in the islets of langerhan?
- Alpha cells
- Beta Cells
- Delta cells
- PP cells
What do the alpha cells do?
-Secrete glucagon
What percentage of the islets of langerhan do the alpha cells make up?
30%
What do the beta cells do?
Secrete insulin
What percentage of the islets of langerhan to the beta cells make up?
65%
What do the delta cells do?
Secrete somatostatin
What percentage of the islets of langerhan to the delta cells make up?
4%
What do the PP cells do?
Secrete pancreatic polypeptide
What percentage of the islets of langerhan do the PP cells make up?
less than 1%
What are the four functions of the liver?
- Blood reservoir
- Bile secretion
- Detoxification
- Metabolic homeostasis
How does the liver help maintain blood homeostasis?
- Carbohydrate metabolism
- Lipid Metabolism
- Protein Metabolism
- Storage
- Serum protein production
The liver can have what percentage of blood at any given time?
20%
What are the major cells types of the liver?
- Hepatocyte
- Kupffer cells
- Sinusoidal epithelial cells
Which type of liver cell has polarized epithelial cells?
Hepatocyte
Which type of liver cell metabolizes carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids?
Hepatocytes
Which type of liver cell produces bile from cholesterol?
Hepatocytes
Which type of liver cell detoxifies endogenous and xenobiotic molecules?
Hepatocytes
What type of cell is a liver macrophage?
Kupffer cell
Which type of liver cell has large pores between cells (fenestrae)?
Sinusoidal cells
What is the normal volume of blood in the liver?
450 mL
How much expansion of blood can the liver hold?
.5 to 1 L
T/F
The portal vein does not allow first pass metabolism
False
It does allow first pass metabolism
What are the three structures found in the function liver architecture classification system?
- Classic hepatic lobule
- Portal lobule
- Hepatic Acinus
What does the classic hepatic lobule do?
- Blood drains from the portal vein and hepatic artery to the central vein
- Endocrine focus
What does the portal lobule do?
- Bile drains from hepatocytes to the bile ducts
- Exocrine focus
What does the hepatic acinus do?
- Microvasculature divided into circulatory zones
- Gradient of hepatocyte oxygenation
How many zones are found in the hepatic acinus?
Three
What occurs in zone I?
Periportal zone; Oxygen and nutrient rich
What occurs in zone II?
Intermediate zone
What occurs in zone III?
Peripheral zone; oxygen poor
What three things does the liver store?
- Vitamins
- Fatty acids
- Iron
What is first pass metabolism?
Allows the liver to act as a sensor for glucose and lipids
How many phases are there in xenobiotic and molecule elimination?
two
What phase are drugs/molecules converted to more polar compounds and oxidized?
Phase I
What phase do you find cytochrome p450 and microsomal oxidases?
Phase I
What phase do drugs/molecules conjugate to hydrophilic molecules?
Phase II
What phase do you find transferases?
Phase II
How are metabolites eliminated?
Bile
Urine
What does bile contain?
- Bile salts
- Cholesterol
- Phospholipids’
- Bilirubins
- Waste
What does bile do to intestinal contents?
Alkanilizes them
What zone do you find cytochrome p450s from phase I?
Zone III
T/F
Bile is recycled
True
What cells produce bile?
Hepatocytes
What hormone stimulates bile release?
CCK
How does CCK stimulate bile release?
- Contracts gallbladder smooth muscle
- Relaxes hepatopancreatic sphincter
What hormone stimulates the secretion of HCO3 into the bile?
Secretin
