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Biochem Human Form and Function > Pancreas, Liver, and Gallbladder German 9/29/16 > Flashcards

Pancreas, Liver, and Gallbladder German 9/29/16 Flashcards

1
Q

T/F

The pancreas, liver, and gallbladder are gastrointestinal digestive organs

A

True

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2
Q

Which two organs are endocrine organs?

A
  • Liver

- Pancreas

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3
Q

What are two functions of the pancreas, liver, and gallbladder?

A
  • Regulate Digestion

- Maintain metabolic homeostasis

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4
Q

Exocrine or Endocrine:

Secretion onto a surface.

A

Exocrine

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5
Q

Exocrine or Endocrine:

Epithelial cells with diverse secretion types

A

Exocrine

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6
Q

Exocrine or Endocrine:

Secrete into the vasculature

A

Endocrine

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7
Q

Exocrine or Endocrine:

Epithelial and non-epithelial cells and exocytosis

A

Endocrine

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8
Q

What secretes the primary constituent from the exocrine glands?

A

The acini

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9
Q

What are the three types of exocrine glands?

A
  • Merocrine
  • Holocrine
  • Apocrine
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10
Q

Which type of exocrine gland is the most common and releases products via exocytosis at the apical end of secretory cells?

A

Merocrine

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11
Q

What type of exocrine gland is the secretory cells disintegrate to form the secretion?

A

Holocrine

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12
Q

What type of exocrine gland is the secretion of membrane-enclosed apical cytoplasm containing proteins and lipids?

A

Apocrine

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13
Q

What type of exocrine gland is the salivary glands and the pancreas?

A

Merocrine

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14
Q

What type of exocrine gland is a sebaceous gland?

A

Holocrine

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15
Q

What type of exocrine gland is a mammary gland?

A

Apocrine

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16
Q

What cells of the pancreas are responsible for endocrine function?

A

Islets of Langerhans

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17
Q

What is an endocrine function of the pancreas?

A

Release protein and polypeptide hormones

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18
Q

What cells of the pancreas are responsible for exocrine function?

A

Acinar cells

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19
Q

What is the exocrine function of the pancreas?

A

Release digestive molecules into the duodenum

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20
Q

What do the acinar cells of the panceas release?

A

Zymogen granules into intercalated ducts

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21
Q

What four things are found in the zymogen granules?

A
  • A-amylase
  • Lipases
  • Nucleases
  • Proteases
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22
Q

What does trypsinogen do?

A

Cleaved into trypsin via enterokinase

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23
Q

What does trypsin do?

A

cleaves chymotrypsinogen to chymotrypsin

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24
Q

What is elastase activated by?

A

Trypsin

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25
Q

Why are zymogen granules activated in the duodenum?

A

To protect the acinar cells

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26
Q

What cells produce HCO3- to create an alkaline solution that flushes secretions into the duodenum?

A

Controacinar cells

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27
Q

What does CCK and secretin induce?

A

Acinar and controacinar exocrine activity

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28
Q

T/F CCK is a neuropeptide of the central and enteric nervous systems

A

True

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29
Q

What are the four cells found in the islets of langerhan?

A
  • Alpha cells
  • Beta Cells
  • Delta cells
  • PP cells
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30
Q

What do the alpha cells do?

A

-Secrete glucagon

31
Q

What percentage of the islets of langerhan do the alpha cells make up?

A

30%

32
Q

What do the beta cells do?

A

Secrete insulin

33
Q

What percentage of the islets of langerhan to the beta cells make up?

A

65%

34
Q

What do the delta cells do?

A

Secrete somatostatin

35
Q

What percentage of the islets of langerhan to the delta cells make up?

A

4%

36
Q

What do the PP cells do?

A

Secrete pancreatic polypeptide

37
Q

What percentage of the islets of langerhan do the PP cells make up?

A

less than 1%

38
Q

What are the four functions of the liver?

A
  • Blood reservoir
  • Bile secretion
  • Detoxification
  • Metabolic homeostasis
39
Q

How does the liver help maintain blood homeostasis?

A
  • Carbohydrate metabolism
  • Lipid Metabolism
  • Protein Metabolism
  • Storage
  • Serum protein production
40
Q

The liver can have what percentage of blood at any given time?

A

20%

41
Q

What are the major cells types of the liver?

A
  • Hepatocyte
  • Kupffer cells
  • Sinusoidal epithelial cells
42
Q

Which type of liver cell has polarized epithelial cells?

A

Hepatocyte

43
Q

Which type of liver cell metabolizes carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids?

A

Hepatocytes

44
Q

Which type of liver cell produces bile from cholesterol?

A

Hepatocytes

45
Q

Which type of liver cell detoxifies endogenous and xenobiotic molecules?

A

Hepatocytes

46
Q

What type of cell is a liver macrophage?

A

Kupffer cell

47
Q

Which type of liver cell has large pores between cells (fenestrae)?

A

Sinusoidal cells

48
Q

What is the normal volume of blood in the liver?

A

450 mL

49
Q

How much expansion of blood can the liver hold?

A

.5 to 1 L

50
Q

T/F

The portal vein does not allow first pass metabolism

A

False

It does allow first pass metabolism

51
Q

What are the three structures found in the function liver architecture classification system?

A
  • Classic hepatic lobule
  • Portal lobule
  • Hepatic Acinus
52
Q

What does the classic hepatic lobule do?

A
  • Blood drains from the portal vein and hepatic artery to the central vein
  • Endocrine focus
53
Q

What does the portal lobule do?

A
  • Bile drains from hepatocytes to the bile ducts

- Exocrine focus

54
Q

What does the hepatic acinus do?

A
  • Microvasculature divided into circulatory zones

- Gradient of hepatocyte oxygenation

55
Q

How many zones are found in the hepatic acinus?

A

Three

56
Q

What occurs in zone I?

A

Periportal zone; Oxygen and nutrient rich

57
Q

What occurs in zone II?

A

Intermediate zone

58
Q

What occurs in zone III?

A

Peripheral zone; oxygen poor

59
Q

What three things does the liver store?

A
  • Vitamins
  • Fatty acids
  • Iron
60
Q

What is first pass metabolism?

A

Allows the liver to act as a sensor for glucose and lipids

61
Q

How many phases are there in xenobiotic and molecule elimination?

A

two

62
Q

What phase are drugs/molecules converted to more polar compounds and oxidized?

A

Phase I

63
Q

What phase do you find cytochrome p450 and microsomal oxidases?

A

Phase I

64
Q

What phase do drugs/molecules conjugate to hydrophilic molecules?

A

Phase II

65
Q

What phase do you find transferases?

A

Phase II

66
Q

How are metabolites eliminated?

A

Bile

Urine

67
Q

What does bile contain?

A
  • Bile salts
  • Cholesterol
  • Phospholipids’
  • Bilirubins
  • Waste
68
Q

What does bile do to intestinal contents?

A

Alkanilizes them

69
Q

What zone do you find cytochrome p450s from phase I?

A

Zone III

70
Q

T/F

Bile is recycled

A

True

71
Q

What cells produce bile?

A

Hepatocytes

72
Q

What hormone stimulates bile release?

A

CCK

73
Q

How does CCK stimulate bile release?

A
  • Contracts gallbladder smooth muscle

- Relaxes hepatopancreatic sphincter

74
Q

What hormone stimulates the secretion of HCO3 into the bile?

A

Secretin

Biochem Human Form and Function (28 decks)

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