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Biochem Human Form and Function > Amino Acid and Protein Synthesis German 10/25/16 TEST #3 > Flashcards

Amino Acid and Protein Synthesis German 10/25/16 TEST #3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 true non essential amino acids?

A
  • Alanine
  • Asparagin
  • Sering
  • Aspartate
  • Glutamate
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2
Q

What are the 6 conditionally essential amino acids?

A
  • Arginine
  • Cysteine
  • Glutamine
  • Glycine
  • Proline
  • Tyrosine
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3
Q

Do you find an explicit long term amino acid storage system in the body?

A

NO

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4
Q

What are two amino acids sources?

A
  • Diet

- Synthesis from glucose and CAC

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5
Q

There are seven precursors used for amino acids synthesis, which three are found in glycolysis?

A
  • 3-Phosphoglycerate
  • Phosphoenolpyruvate
  • Pyruvate
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6
Q

There are seven precursors used for amino acid synthesis, which two are found in the pentose phosphate pathway?

A
  • Ribose-5-phosphate

- Erythrose 6-phosphate

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7
Q

There are seven precursors used for amino acid synthesis which two are found in the CAC?

A
  • Oxaloacetate

- Alpha-ketoglutarate

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8
Q

What provides the carbon backbones for amino acid synthesis?

A

Glucose

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9
Q

What precursor is glutamate involved with?

A

-A-Ketoglutarate

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10
Q

What precursor is glutamine involved with?

A

-A-Ketoglutarate

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11
Q

What precursor is alanine involved with?

A

-Pyruvate

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12
Q

What precursor is serine involved with?

A

-3-phosphoglycerate

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13
Q

What precursor is proline involved with?

A

-A-Ketoglutarate

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14
Q

What precursor is glycine involved with?

A

3-phosphoglycerate

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15
Q

What precursor is aspartate involved with?

A

-Oxaloacetate

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16
Q

What precursor is Lysine involved with?

A

-Oxaloacetate

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17
Q

What precursor is histidine involved with?

A

-Ribose 5-Pathway

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18
Q

What precursor is tryptophan involved with?

A
  • Phosphoenol pyruvate

- Erythose 4-phosphate

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19
Q

What precursor is phenylalanine involved with?

A
  • Phosphoenol pyruvate

- Erythrose 4-phosphate

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20
Q

What precursor is threonine involved with?

A

Oxaloacetate

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21
Q

What precursor is arginine involved with?

A

-A-Ketoglutarate

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22
Q

What precursor is cysteine involved with?

A

-3-phosphoglycerate

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23
Q

What precursor is leucine involved with?

A

-Pyruvate

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24
Q

What precursor is Isoleucine involved with?

A

-Pyruvate

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25
Q

What precursor is methionine involved with?

A

-Oxaloacetate

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26
Q

What precursor is valine involved with?

A

-Pyruvate

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27
Q

What precursor is tyrosine involved with?

A
  • Phosphoenolpyruvate

- Erythrose 4-phosphate

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28
Q

What precursor is asparagine involved with?

A

-Oxaloacetate

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29
Q

What is the main form that DNA is usually found in?

A

-Nucloesome form

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30
Q

What are introns?

A

-Non-coding regions that are spliced from mRNA

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31
Q

What are exons?

A

-Encodes for amino acid sequence

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32
Q

What percent of mammalian DNA codes for proteins?

33
Q

What are regulatory regions?

A

-Areas from which transcription is initiated and regulated

34
Q

What are enhancers/silencers?

A

Binding of proteins that promote or inhibit transcription

35
Q

What are promoter regions?

A

-Transcription factor and RNA polymerase binding

36
Q

What are open reading frames?

A

Amino acid encoding region containing introns and exons

37
Q

What are UTRs?

A

Untranslated regions necessary for RNA processing

38
Q

Which RNA polymerase deals with synthesizing rRNA?

A

RNA polymerase 1

39
Q

What RNA polymerase deals with synthesizing tRNA?

A

-RNA polymerase III

40
Q

What RNA polymerase deals with synthesizing mRNA?

A

RNA polymerase II

41
Q

What recruits Polymerase to the DNA?

A

-Transcription factors

42
Q

What strand of DNA is copied to create RNA?

A

Template strand

43
Q

What direction is RNA created?

A

5’ to 3’

44
Q

What is negative regulation?

A

-Molecular signals that deal with repressors

45
Q

What are the two types of negative regulation?

A
  • Repressor can be dissociated from DNA inducing transcription
  • Repressor can bind to DNA inhibiting transcription
46
Q

What is positive regulation?

A

-Deals with activator

47
Q

What are the two types of positive regulation?

A
  • Activator dissociates from DNA inhibiting transcription

- Activator binds to DNA inducing transcription

48
Q

What are the three RNA processing steps?

A
  • Addition of 5’ CAP
  • Intron Splicing
  • Addition of Poly A tail
49
Q

What is the function of the 5’ cap?

A
  • protect mRNA

- Bound by ribosomes to initate transcription

50
Q

What tethers the mRNA to the ribosome until transcription is complete?

A

-Cap-binding complex

51
Q

How many classes of introns are encoded into RNA?

52
Q

How many intron classes are self splicing?

53
Q

How are most introns spliced?

A

-Spliceosome complex

54
Q

What does the spliceosome associate with?

A

RNA polymerase

55
Q

Where are introns released?

A

-Nuclear space to be degraded

56
Q

What is the purpose of splicing?

A

Create variance and different mRNAs and products

57
Q

What is the purpose of the Poly A tail?

A
  • Protect mRNA tail

- Anchor mRNA during translation

58
Q

What is unique about the Poly A tail when compared to the 5’ capping and splicing?

A

-It occurs independent of RNA polymerase

59
Q

Where does mRNA get transported for translation?

A

-Cytoplasm

60
Q

What is mRNA composed of?

61
Q

What is a unique nucleotide involved in the codons?

A

-Inosinate

62
Q

What is the first step of translation?

A

-Activation of AA by aminoacylating the tRNA

63
Q

What is the second step of translation?

A

-Initiation: mRNA and the aminoacylated tRNA bind to the small subunit followed by the binding of the large subunit

64
Q

What is the third step of translation?

A

-Elongation: successive cycles of aminoacyl-tRNAs binding and peptide bonds forming

65
Q

What is the fourth step of translation?

A

Termination: Translation stops with a stop codon and the mRNA and protein dissociate

66
Q

T/F

ATP/GTP hydrolysis is not necessary to drive initiation

A

False

It is necessary

67
Q

What direction do you read the mRNA chain during elongation?

A

5’ - 3’

68
Q

T/F Elongation is GTP hydrolysis dependent

69
Q

What is responsible for releasing the mRNA during termination?

A

Eukaryotic releasing factor

70
Q

What are two locations that protein synthesis occurs?

A
  • Endoplasmic reticulum

- Cytoplasmic space

71
Q

What makes sure that protein synthesis occurs at the endoplasmic reticulum?

72
Q

Why does synthesis occur in the ER?

A
  • Integral membrane proteins
  • Intravesicular proteins
  • Secreted proteins
73
Q

Where do post-translational modifications occur?

A

-Within the ER

74
Q

What type of proteins are synthesized in the cytoplasmic space?

A
  • Nuclear protiens
  • Structurally associated proteins
  • Membrane associated proteins
75
Q

What can target proteins for destruction?

A

-Ubiquitin

76
Q

Where are proteins degraded?

A
  • Proteosome

- Lysosome

77
Q

What type of proteins does the proteosome degrade?

A

Cytoplasmic proteins

78
Q

What type of proteins does the lysosome degrade?

A

Vesicular and membrane proteins

Biochem Human Form and Function (28 decks)

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