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Biochem Human Form and Function > Amino Acid and Protein Synthesis German 10/25/16 TEST #3 > Flashcards

Amino Acid and Protein Synthesis German 10/25/16 TEST #3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 true non essential amino acids?

A
  • Alanine
  • Asparagin
  • Sering
  • Aspartate
  • Glutamate
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2
Q

What are the 6 conditionally essential amino acids?

A
  • Arginine
  • Cysteine
  • Glutamine
  • Glycine
  • Proline
  • Tyrosine
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3
Q

Do you find an explicit long term amino acid storage system in the body?

A

NO

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4
Q

What are two amino acids sources?

A
  • Diet

- Synthesis from glucose and CAC

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5
Q

There are seven precursors used for amino acids synthesis, which three are found in glycolysis?

A
  • 3-Phosphoglycerate
  • Phosphoenolpyruvate
  • Pyruvate
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6
Q

There are seven precursors used for amino acid synthesis, which two are found in the pentose phosphate pathway?

A
  • Ribose-5-phosphate

- Erythrose 6-phosphate

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7
Q

There are seven precursors used for amino acid synthesis which two are found in the CAC?

A
  • Oxaloacetate

- Alpha-ketoglutarate

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8
Q

What provides the carbon backbones for amino acid synthesis?

A

Glucose

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9
Q

What precursor is glutamate involved with?

A

-A-Ketoglutarate

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10
Q

What precursor is glutamine involved with?

A

-A-Ketoglutarate

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11
Q

What precursor is alanine involved with?

A

-Pyruvate

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12
Q

What precursor is serine involved with?

A

-3-phosphoglycerate

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13
Q

What precursor is proline involved with?

A

-A-Ketoglutarate

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14
Q

What precursor is glycine involved with?

A

3-phosphoglycerate

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15
Q

What precursor is aspartate involved with?

A

-Oxaloacetate

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16
Q

What precursor is Lysine involved with?

A

-Oxaloacetate

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17
Q

What precursor is histidine involved with?

A

-Ribose 5-Pathway

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18
Q

What precursor is tryptophan involved with?

A
  • Phosphoenol pyruvate

- Erythose 4-phosphate

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19
Q

What precursor is phenylalanine involved with?

A
  • Phosphoenol pyruvate

- Erythrose 4-phosphate

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20
Q

What precursor is threonine involved with?

A

Oxaloacetate

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21
Q

What precursor is arginine involved with?

A

-A-Ketoglutarate

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22
Q

What precursor is cysteine involved with?

A

-3-phosphoglycerate

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23
Q

What precursor is leucine involved with?

A

-Pyruvate

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24
Q

What precursor is Isoleucine involved with?

A

-Pyruvate

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25
What precursor is methionine involved with?
-Oxaloacetate
26
What precursor is valine involved with?
-Pyruvate
27
What precursor is tyrosine involved with?
- Phosphoenolpyruvate | - Erythrose 4-phosphate
28
What precursor is asparagine involved with?
-Oxaloacetate
29
What is the main form that DNA is usually found in?
-Nucloesome form
30
What are introns?
-Non-coding regions that are spliced from mRNA
31
What are exons?
-Encodes for amino acid sequence
32
What percent of mammalian DNA codes for proteins?
1.5%
33
What are regulatory regions?
-Areas from which transcription is initiated and regulated
34
What are enhancers/silencers?
Binding of proteins that promote or inhibit transcription
35
What are promoter regions?
-Transcription factor and RNA polymerase binding
36
What are open reading frames?
Amino acid encoding region containing introns and exons
37
What are UTRs?
Untranslated regions necessary for RNA processing
38
Which RNA polymerase deals with synthesizing rRNA?
RNA polymerase 1
39
What RNA polymerase deals with synthesizing tRNA?
-RNA polymerase III
40
What RNA polymerase deals with synthesizing mRNA?
RNA polymerase II
41
What recruits Polymerase to the DNA?
-Transcription factors
42
What strand of DNA is copied to create RNA?
Template strand
43
What direction is RNA created?
5' to 3'
44
What is negative regulation?
-Molecular signals that deal with repressors
45
What are the two types of negative regulation?
- Repressor can be dissociated from DNA inducing transcription - Repressor can bind to DNA inhibiting transcription
46
What is positive regulation?
-Deals with activator
47
What are the two types of positive regulation?
- Activator dissociates from DNA inhibiting transcription | - Activator binds to DNA inducing transcription
48
What are the three RNA processing steps?
- Addition of 5' CAP - Intron Splicing - Addition of Poly A tail
49
What is the function of the 5' cap?
- protect mRNA | - Bound by ribosomes to initate transcription
50
What tethers the mRNA to the ribosome until transcription is complete?
-Cap-binding complex
51
How many classes of introns are encoded into RNA?
-Four
52
How many intron classes are self splicing?
Two
53
How are most introns spliced?
-Spliceosome complex
54
What does the spliceosome associate with?
RNA polymerase
55
Where are introns released?
-Nuclear space to be degraded
56
What is the purpose of splicing?
Create variance and different mRNAs and products
57
What is the purpose of the Poly A tail?
- Protect mRNA tail | - Anchor mRNA during translation
58
What is unique about the Poly A tail when compared to the 5' capping and splicing?
-It occurs independent of RNA polymerase
59
Where does mRNA get transported for translation?
-Cytoplasm
60
What is mRNA composed of?
-Codons
61
What is a unique nucleotide involved in the codons?
-Inosinate
62
What is the first step of translation?
-Activation of AA by aminoacylating the tRNA
63
What is the second step of translation?
-Initiation: mRNA and the aminoacylated tRNA bind to the small subunit followed by the binding of the large subunit
64
What is the third step of translation?
-Elongation: successive cycles of aminoacyl-tRNAs binding and peptide bonds forming
65
What is the fourth step of translation?
Termination: Translation stops with a stop codon and the mRNA and protein dissociate
66
T/F | ATP/GTP hydrolysis is not necessary to drive initiation
False | It is necessary
67
What direction do you read the mRNA chain during elongation?
5' - 3'
68
T/F Elongation is GTP hydrolysis dependent
True
69
What is responsible for releasing the mRNA during termination?
Eukaryotic releasing factor
70
What are two locations that protein synthesis occurs?
- Endoplasmic reticulum | - Cytoplasmic space
71
What makes sure that protein synthesis occurs at the endoplasmic reticulum?
-The SRP
72
Why does synthesis occur in the ER?
- Integral membrane proteins - Intravesicular proteins - Secreted proteins
73
Where do post-translational modifications occur?
-Within the ER
74
What type of proteins are synthesized in the cytoplasmic space?
- Nuclear protiens - Structurally associated proteins - Membrane associated proteins
75
What can target proteins for destruction?
-Ubiquitin
76
Where are proteins degraded?
- Proteosome | - Lysosome
77
What type of proteins does the proteosome degrade?
Cytoplasmic proteins
78
What type of proteins does the lysosome degrade?
Vesicular and membrane proteins

Biochem Human Form and Function (28 decks)

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