12/6/16 German Genetics TEST FINAL Flashcards
What is on the ends of a chromosome?
-Telomere
How many chromosomes do humans have?
-23 pairs or 46
How many chromosomes in humans are autosomes?
-22 pairs or 44
What is a LINE?
-Long interspersed nuclear elements
What is a SINE?
-Short interspersed nuclear element
T/F
LINES and SINES are thought to inhibit/inactivate genes
True
How much of the genome are actually protein coding regions (genes)?
1.5%
How does Eukaryotic DNA exist?
-Long linear strand
When DNA is wrapped around histones what does it form?
-Nucleosomes
When DNA is in nucleosome form what is it called?
-Chromatin
What are the three steps of interphase?
- G1
- S
- G2
Where are checkpoints in interphase?
- End of G1 phase
- End of G2 phase
Where does DNA replication Initiate?
-At multiple replication origins
T/F
Both strands of DNA function as template strands in DNA replication
true
T/F
DNA Replication is conservative
False
-DNA replication is semi-conservative
Where does DNA synthesis occur?
-Replication fork in a 5’ to 3’ direction
What polymerizes new DNA strands?
-DNA polymerase
On the non-leading strand in DNA replication what pieces are formed?
-Okasaki fragments
What places nicks in the DNA to relax coils in DNA replication?
-Topoisomerase
What creates RNA primers on the lagging strand in DNA replication?
-DNA primase
What Unwinds the DNA during DNA replication?
-DNA Helicase
What connects/ closes the gaps of the Okasaki fragments?
-DNA ligase
What does DNA Pol A do?
-RNA and or DNA primers
What does DNA pol B do?
-Base excision repair
What does DNA pol Gamma do?
-Mitochondrial DNA replication and repair
What does DNA pol D do?
-Lagging strand synthesis and DNA repair
What does DNA pol E do?
-Leading-strand synthesis
What are four common DNA damages?
- Mismatch
- Deamination
- Depurination
- Double strand break
What are three ways that DNA repairs itself?
- The DNA polymerase catches the mistake
- Base excision repair
- Nucleotide excision repair
Proofreading is done by what?
-DNA polymerase
What removes a single base?
-Base excision
What removes an entire section for repair?
-Nucleotide excision repair
What part of mitosis do the replicated chromosomes, each consisting of two closely associated sister chromatids condense?
-Prophase
What part of mitosis starts abruptly with the breakdown of the nuclear envelope?
-Prometaphase
What part of mitosis do the chromosomes alight at the equator of the spindle and the kinetochore microtubules attach sister chromatids to opposite poles of the spindle?
-Metaphase
What part of mitosis are the sister chromatids synchronously separated to form two daughter chromosomes and are pulled slowly toward the spindle pole?
-Anaphase
What part of mitosis are the two sets of daughter chromosomes arriving at the poles of the spindle and decondense with a new nuclear envelop reassembling around each set?
-Telophase
What part of mitosis does the cytoplasm divide in two via a contractile ring of acting and myosin filaments?
-Cytokinesis
When does genetic recombination occur within meiosis?
-Meiosis I as bivalents
Where do tetrads form?
-Metaphase I
What are two ways that chromosome assortment increase genetic diversity?
- Independent assortment
- Recombination
What is recombination directed by?
-Recombinases
What are two ways that recombination occur?
- Holladay Junctions
- DNA double-strand break with recombinase DNA merging
What creates site specific recombination?
-Transposable elements
What are three classes of Transposable elements?
- DNA only
- Retro-viral like
- Non retroviral
T/F
Transposable elements can move around in the DNA
-True
What are three ways of Transposon insertion?
- Cut and paste
- Viral insertion
- Replication
When you have a whole strand of double stranded DNA remove and be placed completely different what type of transposable element do you have?
-DNA-only transposon
If you have an RNA intermediate placed in DNA what type of transposon do you have?
-Retrotransposon
T/F
Transposons can jump from chromosome to chromosome in cut and paste transposon insertion
True
If you have replication and duplication within the same chromosome what type of transposon insertion do you have?
-Replication
