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Biochem Human Form and Function > 12/6/16 German Genetics TEST FINAL > Flashcards

12/6/16 German Genetics TEST FINAL Flashcards

1
Q

What is on the ends of a chromosome?

A

-Telomere

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2
Q

How many chromosomes do humans have?

A

-23 pairs or 46

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3
Q

How many chromosomes in humans are autosomes?

A

-22 pairs or 44

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4
Q

What is a LINE?

A

-Long interspersed nuclear elements

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5
Q

What is a SINE?

A

-Short interspersed nuclear element

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6
Q

T/F

LINES and SINES are thought to inhibit/inactivate genes

A

True

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7
Q

How much of the genome are actually protein coding regions (genes)?

A

1.5%

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8
Q

How does Eukaryotic DNA exist?

A

-Long linear strand

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9
Q

When DNA is wrapped around histones what does it form?

A

-Nucleosomes

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10
Q

When DNA is in nucleosome form what is it called?

A

-Chromatin

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11
Q

What are the three steps of interphase?

A
  • G1
  • S
  • G2
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12
Q

Where are checkpoints in interphase?

A
  • End of G1 phase

- End of G2 phase

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13
Q

Where does DNA replication Initiate?

A

-At multiple replication origins

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14
Q

T/F

Both strands of DNA function as template strands in DNA replication

A

true

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15
Q

T/F

DNA Replication is conservative

A

False

-DNA replication is semi-conservative

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16
Q

Where does DNA synthesis occur?

A

-Replication fork in a 5’ to 3’ direction

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17
Q

What polymerizes new DNA strands?

A

-DNA polymerase

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18
Q

On the non-leading strand in DNA replication what pieces are formed?

A

-Okasaki fragments

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19
Q

What places nicks in the DNA to relax coils in DNA replication?

A

-Topoisomerase

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20
Q

What creates RNA primers on the lagging strand in DNA replication?

A

-DNA primase

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21
Q

What Unwinds the DNA during DNA replication?

A

-DNA Helicase

22
Q

What connects/ closes the gaps of the Okasaki fragments?

A

-DNA ligase

23
Q

What does DNA Pol A do?

A

-RNA and or DNA primers

24
Q

What does DNA pol B do?

A

-Base excision repair

25
Q

What does DNA pol Gamma do?

A

-Mitochondrial DNA replication and repair

26
Q

What does DNA pol D do?

A

-Lagging strand synthesis and DNA repair

27
Q

What does DNA pol E do?

A

-Leading-strand synthesis

28
Q

What are four common DNA damages?

A
  • Mismatch
  • Deamination
  • Depurination
  • Double strand break
29
Q

What are three ways that DNA repairs itself?

A
  • The DNA polymerase catches the mistake
  • Base excision repair
  • Nucleotide excision repair
30
Q

Proofreading is done by what?

A

-DNA polymerase

31
Q

What removes a single base?

A

-Base excision

32
Q

What removes an entire section for repair?

A

-Nucleotide excision repair

33
Q

What part of mitosis do the replicated chromosomes, each consisting of two closely associated sister chromatids condense?

A

-Prophase

34
Q

What part of mitosis starts abruptly with the breakdown of the nuclear envelope?

A

-Prometaphase

35
Q

What part of mitosis do the chromosomes alight at the equator of the spindle and the kinetochore microtubules attach sister chromatids to opposite poles of the spindle?

A

-Metaphase

36
Q

What part of mitosis are the sister chromatids synchronously separated to form two daughter chromosomes and are pulled slowly toward the spindle pole?

A

-Anaphase

37
Q

What part of mitosis are the two sets of daughter chromosomes arriving at the poles of the spindle and decondense with a new nuclear envelop reassembling around each set?

A

-Telophase

38
Q

What part of mitosis does the cytoplasm divide in two via a contractile ring of acting and myosin filaments?

A

-Cytokinesis

39
Q

When does genetic recombination occur within meiosis?

A

-Meiosis I as bivalents

40
Q

Where do tetrads form?

A

-Metaphase I

41
Q

What are two ways that chromosome assortment increase genetic diversity?

A
  • Independent assortment

- Recombination

42
Q

What is recombination directed by?

A

-Recombinases

43
Q

What are two ways that recombination occur?

A
  • Holladay Junctions

- DNA double-strand break with recombinase DNA merging

44
Q

What creates site specific recombination?

A

-Transposable elements

45
Q

What are three classes of Transposable elements?

A
  • DNA only
  • Retro-viral like
  • Non retroviral
46
Q

T/F

Transposable elements can move around in the DNA

A

-True

47
Q

What are three ways of Transposon insertion?

A
  • Cut and paste
  • Viral insertion
  • Replication
48
Q

When you have a whole strand of double stranded DNA remove and be placed completely different what type of transposable element do you have?

A

-DNA-only transposon

49
Q

If you have an RNA intermediate placed in DNA what type of transposon do you have?

A

-Retrotransposon

50
Q

T/F

Transposons can jump from chromosome to chromosome in cut and paste transposon insertion

A

True

51
Q

If you have replication and duplication within the same chromosome what type of transposon insertion do you have?

A

-Replication

Biochem Human Form and Function (28 decks)

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