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Biochem Human Form and Function > Biosignaling German (9/15/16) > Flashcards

Biosignaling German (9/15/16) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four components of signal transduction?

A

Signal
Receptor
Transduction pathways
Targets

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2
Q

What are three major types of signals that can occur?

A

Soluble
Linked
Physical

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3
Q

What are three types of soluble signals?

A

Proteins amd Amino Acids
Lipids and Fatty Acids
Carbohydrates

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4
Q

What is an example of a linked signal?

A

Integrin

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5
Q

What are some examples of physical signals?

A

Mechanical
Light
Temperature

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6
Q

What are the seven types of receptor families?

A 
GPCR
Receptor Tyrosine Kinase
Receptor Guanylyl cyclase
Ligand gated ion channels
Adhesion
Nuclear
Cytokine
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7
Q

T/F the ligand concentration dramatically impact signaling?

A

True

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8
Q

What kind of receptor binding initiates signal transduction?

A

Ligand-receptor

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9
Q

What is the dissociation constant?

A

Kd = [L][R] divided by [LR]

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10
Q

What are the four roles that the plasma membrane has an active role in signaling?

A

Receptor localization
Ligand exposure
Signaling complex formation
Endocytosis

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11
Q

What are the four broad scales that signaling occurs over?

A

Autocrine
Paracrine
Synaptic
Endocrine

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12
Q

What is autocrine signaling?

A

Self stimulating signal (very local)

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13
Q

What is synaptic signaling?

A

Small scale local signaling (nervous)

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14
Q

What is paracrine signaling?

A

Signaling within organ systems local or between organs

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15
Q

What is endocrine signaling?

A

Released signal goes into vasculature

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16
Q

What complex formation to membranes allow in signaling?

A

Protein Scaffolds

Signaling Endosomes

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17
Q

What are the two types of lipid rafts?

A

Caveolar

Planar

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18
Q

What pathway sorts internalize vesicles?

A

The endocytic pathway

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19
Q

What is the critical protein in the endocytic pathway?

A

Rab GTPase

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20
Q

Where does the pH initially drop in the endocytic pathway?

A

Early endosome

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21
Q

Where does the pH drop after the Early endosome?

A

The late endosome

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22
Q

What does the change in pH do to the ligand binding?

A

It causes the ligand to stop binding

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23
Q

What are the 2 pathways from the early endosome?

A

Recycling

Late

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24
Q

What protein directs the vesicles in the endocytic pathway?

A

Rab GTPase

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25
Q

T/F the Endocytic pathway spatially and temporally regulates signaling

A

True

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26
Q

What are the 7 steps in signal transduction?

A 
First messenger
receptor
signal transducer
primary effector
second messenger
secondary effector
signaling cascade
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27
Q

What are first messengers in general?

A

Neurotransmitter

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28
Q

What is metabotropic NT receptors an exmaple of?

A

Receptors

29
Q

What is an G-protein an example of?

A

signal transducer

30
Q

What is Adenylyl cyclase an example of?

A

Primary effector

31
Q

What is Cyclic AMP an example of?

A

Second messenger

32
Q

What is Protein Kinase A an example of?

A

Secondary effector

33
Q

What are three ways that chemical reactions transfer information?

A

Complex formation/dissociation
Structural Change
Post-translational modification

34
Q

What are 7 examples post translation modifications?

A 
Phosphorylation
Ubiquitination
Glycosylation
Oxidation
Methylation
Acetylation
SUMOylation
35
Q

What are 4 common signaling cascades?

A

MAPK
JAK-STAT
PI3K
PLC

36
Q

T/F Receptors activate multiple signaling cascades.

A

True

37
Q

What is the first step of the MAPK signaling pathway?

A

GTP activated RAS activates MAP kinase kinase kinase

38
Q

What is the second step of the MAPK signaling pathway?

A

MAP kinase kinase

39
Q

What is the third step of the MAPK signaling pathway?

A

MAP kinase

40
Q

What is the fourth step of the MAPK pathway?

A

The activation of transcription factors

41
Q

What is the first step of the JAK-STAT pathway?

A

The receptor dimerizes

42
Q

What is the second step of the JAK-STAT pathway?

A

The Janus kinase is recruited by the dimerized receptor

43
Q

What is the third step of the JAK-STAT pathway?

A

The janus kinase phosphorylates 2 places

44
Q

What is the first place that the janus kinase phosphorylates?

A

The tail

45
Q

Once the tail is phosphorylated in the JAK-STAT pathway what occurs?

A

STAT is brought to the complex

46
Q

What is the second place that janus kinase phosphorylates?

A

STAT

47
Q

What is the fourth step of the JAK-STAT pathway?

A

STAT goes to the nucleus.

48
Q

Which pathway phosphorylates a lipid (PIP2 to PIP3) and then activates the AKT by phosphorylation?

A

PI3K (phosphatidylinostiol 3-kinase)

49
Q

What is the phospholipase C pathway activated by?

A

A GPCR more specifically the alpha protein from the trimeric G protein

50
Q

Can the different signaling pathways influence each other?

A

Yes

51
Q

How do the different signaling pathways influence each other?

A

Crosstalk

52
Q

Where is the most common target of signaling?

A

Nucleus

53
Q

What are the consequences of the nucleus being targeted?

A

Transcription

Cell division

54
Q

What are the consequences of Actin/Tubulin/Filaments being targeted?

A

Cell structure and motility

55
Q

What are the consequences of enzymes being targeted?

A

Initiate metabolic pathways

56
Q

What are the consequences of receptors being targeted?

A

Alter signal transduction

57
Q

What are the consequences of transporters being targeted?

A

Change intracellular environment

58
Q

What are the consequences of Ion channels being targeted?

A

Change membrane potential

59
Q

What are three important items about epinephrine signaling?

A
  • Affects vascular tone
  • Co-administered with local anesthetics
  • G-protein and PLC signaling
60
Q

Which pathway regulates cellular division and metabolic processes, transports glucose into cells, alters blood sugar, enables aerobic respiration?

A

Insulin signaling

61
Q

What pathway uses RTK, MAPK, and PI3K signaling?

A

Insulin signaling

62
Q

What pathway uses G-protein and PLC signaling?

A

Epinephrine signaling

63
Q

What pathway is co-administered with local anesthetics?

A

Epinephrine signaling

64
Q

What receptor interacts with epinephrine and activates the GPCR causing stimulus of vasodilation and smooth muscle relaxation?

A

Beta-adrenergic protein

65
Q

What receptor interacts with norephinephrine and epinephrine that leads to smooth muscle contraction and vasoconstriction?

A

Alpha-adrenergic receptor

66
Q

What type of receptor does insulin initially bind to?

A

Receptor Tyrosine Kinase

67
Q

Once insulin is bound to receptor tyrosine kinase what is the next two places it can go?

A 
MAPK pathway
PI3K pathway (both via IRS-1)
68
Q

Why is the Kd important?

A

It shows the affinity that receptors bind to ligands

Biochem Human Form and Function (28 decks)

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