Biosignaling German (9/15/16)

Question 1

What are the four components of signal transduction?

Answer 1

Signal
Receptor
Transduction pathways
Targets

Question 2

What are three major types of signals that can occur?

Answer 2

Soluble
Linked
Physical

Question 3

What are three types of soluble signals?

Answer 3

Proteins amd Amino Acids
Lipids and Fatty Acids
Carbohydrates

Question 4

What is an example of a linked signal?

Answer 4

Integrin

Question 5

What are some examples of physical signals?

Answer 5

Mechanical
Light
Temperature

Question 6

What are the seven types of receptor families?

Answer 6

GPCR
Receptor Tyrosine Kinase
Receptor Guanylyl cyclase
Ligand gated ion channels
Adhesion
Nuclear
Cytokine

Question 7

T/F the ligand concentration dramatically impact signaling?

Answer 7

True

Question 8

What kind of receptor binding initiates signal transduction?

Answer 8

Ligand-receptor

Question 9

What is the dissociation constant?

Answer 9

Kd = [L][R] divided by [LR]

Question 10

What are the four roles that the plasma membrane has an active role in signaling?

Answer 10

Receptor localization
Ligand exposure
Signaling complex formation
Endocytosis

Question 11

What are the four broad scales that signaling occurs over?

Answer 11

Autocrine
Paracrine
Synaptic
Endocrine

Question 12

What is autocrine signaling?

Answer 12

Self stimulating signal (very local)

Question 13

What is synaptic signaling?

Answer 13

Small scale local signaling (nervous)

Question 14

What is paracrine signaling?

Answer 14

Signaling within organ systems local or between organs

Question 15

What is endocrine signaling?

Answer 15

Released signal goes into vasculature

Question 16

What complex formation to membranes allow in signaling?

Answer 16

Protein Scaffolds

Signaling Endosomes

Question 17

What are the two types of lipid rafts?

Answer 17

Caveolar

Planar

Question 18

What pathway sorts internalize vesicles?

Answer 18

The endocytic pathway

Question 19

What is the critical protein in the endocytic pathway?

Answer 19

Rab GTPase

Question 20

Where does the pH initially drop in the endocytic pathway?

Answer 20

Early endosome

Question 21

Where does the pH drop after the Early endosome?

Answer 21

The late endosome

Question 22

What does the change in pH do to the ligand binding?

Answer 22

It causes the ligand to stop binding

Question 23

What are the 2 pathways from the early endosome?

Answer 23

Recycling

Late

Question 24

What protein directs the vesicles in the endocytic pathway?

Answer 24

Rab GTPase

Question 25

T/F the Endocytic pathway spatially and temporally regulates signaling

Answer 25

True

Question 26

What are the 7 steps in signal transduction?

Answer 26

``` First messenger receptor signal transducer primary effector second messenger secondary effector signaling cascade ```

Question 27

What are first messengers in general?

Answer 27

Neurotransmitter

Question 28

What is metabotropic NT receptors an exmaple of?

Answer 28

Receptors

Question 29

What is an G-protein an example of?

Answer 29

signal transducer

Question 30

What is Adenylyl cyclase an example of?

Answer 30

Primary effector

Question 31

What is Cyclic AMP an example of?

Answer 31

Second messenger

Question 32

What is Protein Kinase A an example of?

Answer 32

Secondary effector

Question 33

What are three ways that chemical reactions transfer information?

Answer 33

Complex formation/dissociation Structural Change Post-translational modification

Question 34

What are 7 examples post translation modifications?

Answer 34

``` Phosphorylation Ubiquitination Glycosylation Oxidation Methylation Acetylation SUMOylation ```

Question 35

What are 4 common signaling cascades?

Answer 35

MAPK JAK-STAT PI3K PLC

Question 36

T/F Receptors activate multiple signaling cascades.

Answer 36

True

Question 37

What is the first step of the MAPK signaling pathway?

Answer 37

GTP activated RAS activates MAP kinase kinase kinase

Question 38

What is the second step of the MAPK signaling pathway?

Answer 38

MAP kinase kinase

Question 39

What is the third step of the MAPK signaling pathway?

Answer 39

MAP kinase

Question 40

What is the fourth step of the MAPK pathway?

Answer 40

The activation of transcription factors

Question 41

What is the first step of the JAK-STAT pathway?

Answer 41

The receptor dimerizes

Question 42

What is the second step of the JAK-STAT pathway?

Answer 42

The Janus kinase is recruited by the dimerized receptor

Question 43

What is the third step of the JAK-STAT pathway?

Answer 43

The janus kinase phosphorylates 2 places

Question 44

What is the first place that the janus kinase phosphorylates?

Answer 44

The tail

Question 45

Once the tail is phosphorylated in the JAK-STAT pathway what occurs?

Answer 45

STAT is brought to the complex

Question 46

What is the second place that janus kinase phosphorylates?

Answer 46

STAT

Question 47

What is the fourth step of the JAK-STAT pathway?

Answer 47

STAT goes to the nucleus.

Question 48

Which pathway phosphorylates a lipid (PIP2 to PIP3) and then activates the AKT by phosphorylation?

Answer 48

PI3K (phosphatidylinostiol 3-kinase)

Question 49

What is the phospholipase C pathway activated by?

Answer 49

A GPCR more specifically the alpha protein from the trimeric G protein

Question 50

Can the different signaling pathways influence each other?

Answer 50

Yes

Question 51

How do the different signaling pathways influence each other?

Answer 51

Crosstalk

Question 52

Where is the most common target of signaling?

Answer 52

Nucleus

Question 53

What are the consequences of the nucleus being targeted?

Answer 53

Transcription | Cell division

Question 54

What are the consequences of Actin/Tubulin/Filaments being targeted?

Answer 54

Cell structure and motility

Question 55

What are the consequences of enzymes being targeted?

Answer 55

Initiate metabolic pathways

Question 56

What are the consequences of receptors being targeted?

Answer 56

Alter signal transduction

Question 57

What are the consequences of transporters being targeted?

Answer 57

Change intracellular environment

Question 58

What are the consequences of Ion channels being targeted?

Answer 58

Change membrane potential

Question 59

What are three important items about epinephrine signaling?

Answer 59

- Affects vascular tone - Co-administered with local anesthetics - G-protein and PLC signaling

Question 60

Which pathway regulates cellular division and metabolic processes, transports glucose into cells, alters blood sugar, enables aerobic respiration?

Answer 60

Insulin signaling

Question 61

What pathway uses RTK, MAPK, and PI3K signaling?

Answer 61

Insulin signaling

Question 62

What pathway uses G-protein and PLC signaling?

Answer 62

Epinephrine signaling

Question 63

What pathway is co-administered with local anesthetics?

Answer 63

Epinephrine signaling

Question 64

What receptor interacts with epinephrine and activates the GPCR causing stimulus of vasodilation and smooth muscle relaxation?

Answer 64

Beta-adrenergic protein

Question 65

What receptor interacts with norephinephrine and epinephrine that leads to smooth muscle contraction and vasoconstriction?

Answer 65

Alpha-adrenergic receptor

Question 66

What type of receptor does insulin initially bind to?

Answer 66

Receptor Tyrosine Kinase

Question 67

Once insulin is bound to receptor tyrosine kinase what is the next two places it can go?

Answer 67

``` MAPK pathway PI3K pathway (both via IRS-1) ```

Question 68

Why is the Kd important?

Answer 68

It shows the affinity that receptors bind to ligands