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Biochem Human Form and Function > Carbohydrate Metabolism 9/18/16 German > Flashcards

Carbohydrate Metabolism 9/18/16 German Flashcards

1
Q

What is metabolism?

A

The enzyme catalyzed reactions that transform organic molecules in cells

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2
Q

What are the two parts of Metabolism?

A
  • Catabolism

- Anabolism

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3
Q

What type of metabolism is: energy requiring synthesis of more complex products?

A

Anabolism

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4
Q

What type of metabolism is: Energy Yielding degradation of complex precursors?

A

Catabolism

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5
Q

What are four organs that regulate metabolic pathways?

A
  • Pancreas
  • Liver
  • Muscle
  • Adipose Tissue
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6
Q

What is the cell in the pancreas that helps regulate metabolic pathways?

A

Islet cells

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7
Q

What is the metabolic function of the pancreas?

A

Release insulin, glucagon, and numerous hormones

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8
Q

What is the cell in the liver that helps regulate metabolic pathways?

A

Hepatocyte

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9
Q

What is the metabolic function of the liver?

A

Maintain metabolic homeostasis

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10
Q

How does the liver maintain metabolic homeostasis?

A
  • Normalize blood glucose
  • Store glycogen
  • Synthesizing and degrading molecules
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11
Q

What are the main molecules that the liver synthesizes and degrades?

A
  • Glycogen
  • Glucose
  • Fatty Acids
  • nucleic acids
  • proteins
  • ketone bodies
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12
Q

What are the muscle cells that help regulate metabolic pathways?

A

-Skeletal
-Smooth
-Cardiac
(all of the above myocytes)

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13
Q

What is the metabolic function of muscle?

A

Utilizes glucose, fatty acids, Amino acids to fuel muscular activity

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14
Q

What cell in adipose tissue helps regulate metabolic pathways?

A

Adipocyte

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15
Q

What is the metabolic function of adipose tissue?

A

Store

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16
Q

What are the five key regulators in the metabolic pathways?

A
  • Insulin
  • Glucagon
  • Epinephrine
  • Glucose
  • ATP/AMP
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17
Q

What are four reasons why glucose is a central metabolic component?

A
  • Source of ATP
  • Energy storage
  • Molecular precursor
  • Structural backbone
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18
Q

T/F the muscle and adipose tissues are the ones that regulate metabolic homeostasis?

A

False

-They are the recipients, Panceas and liver regulate

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19
Q

What are the four major pathways of carbohydrate metabolism?

A
  • Respiration
  • Storage
  • Regenerative
  • Synthetic
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20
Q

Which major pathway forms ATP?

A

Respiration

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21
Q

Which major pathway forms glycogen, glucose?

A

Storage

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22
Q

Which major pathway forms glucose?

A

Regenerative

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23
Q

Which major pathway forms nucleic acids, lipids, and amino acids?

A

synthetic

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24
Q

Is glycolysis a catabolic or anabolic pathway?

A

Catabolic

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25
Is the citric acid cycle catabolic or anabolic?
Catabolic
26
Is the oxidative phosphorylation pathway catabolic or anabolic?
catabolic
27
Is glycogenolysis catabolic or anabolic?
Catabolic
28
Is glycogenesis catabolic or anabolic?
Anabolic
29
Is gluconeogenesis catabolic or anabolic?
Anabolic
30
What is the function of amylases?
Break down complex starch's
31
What is glycogen?
chains of glucose molecules that are branched
32
Where do you primarily find glycogen stores?
- Muscle | - Liver
33
How much of the liver weight does glycogen form?
10%
34
How much of the muscle weight does glycogen form?
2%
35
What does glycogenesis do?
Converts glucose to glycogen
36
In glycogenesis the first step is going from glucose to what molecule?
Glucose 6-phosphate
37
In glycogenesis what enzyme is responsible for going from glucose to glucose 6-phosphate?
Hexokinase
38
In glycogenesis the second step is going from glucose 6-phosphate to what molecule?
Glucose 1-phosphate
39
In glycogenesis what enzyme is responsible for going from glucose 6-phosphate to glucose-1 phosphate?
Phosphoglucomutase
40
In glycogenesis the third step is going from glucose 1-phosphate to what molecule?
Uracil diphosphate-glucose
41
In glycogenesis what enzyme is responsible for going from glucose 1-phosphate to uracil diphosphate-glucose?
UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase
42
In glycogenesis the fourth step is going from Uracil diphosphate-glucose to what molecule?
glycogen chain
43
In glycogenesis what enzyme is responsible for going from Uracil diphosphate-glucose to the glycogen chain?
Glycogen synthase
44
In glycogenesis what makes glycogen synthase such an important enzyme?
It is the enzyme responsible for the point of regulation
45
In the fifth step of glycogenesis you go from the glycogen chain to what?
Glycogen particle
46
In glycogenesis what enzyme is responsible for going from the glycogen chain to the glycogen particle?
Glycogen Branching Enzyme
47
How many steps and molecules are there in glycogenesis?
Five steps | Six molecues
48
What does putting a phosphate on glucose do?
It keeps glucose in that cell
49
What can lead to glycogenesis?
To much glucose
50
What does glycogenolysis do?
Creates glucose from glycogen
51
How do you get from glycogen to Glucose 1-phosphate molecules in glycogenolysis?
Glycogen Phosphorylase
52
How do you get from Glucose 1-phosphate to glucose 6-phosphate in glycogenolysis?
Phosphoglucomutase
53
In glycogenolysis how do you get from glucose 6-phosphate to free glucose?
Glucose 6-phosphatase
54
What is unique about glucose 6-phosphatase?
It is only found in the ER of the liver
55
In glycogenolysis what molecule do you go to from glycogen?
Glucose 1-phosphate
56
In glycogenolysis what molecule do you go to from glucose 1-phosphate?
Glucose 6-phosphate
57
In glycogenolysis what molecule do you go to from glucose 6-phosphate?
Free glucose
58
What can lead to glycogenolysis?
Low blood sugar
59
When Glycogen synthase is phosphorylated does it lead to activity or inactivity?
Inactivity
60
What enzyme is responsible for phosphorylating Glycogen Synthase?
Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3
61
What three things lead to an upregulation of glycogen synthase activity?
- Insulin - Glucose 6-phosphate - Glucose
62
What leads to a down regulation of glycogen synthase activity?
Glucagon | Epinephrine
63
Why is Glycogen phosphorylase important?
It removers glucose 1-phosphate from glycogen
64
Is phosphorylase a or phosphorylase b the active form of glycogen phosphorylase?
phosphorylase a
65
Is phosphorylase a phosphorylated?
Yes
66
Is phosphorylase b phosphorylated?
No
67
What is responsible for the up regulation of glycogen phosphorylase?
- Glucagon | - Epinephrine
68
What pathway does insulin signaling activate?
Glycogenesis
69
What are there important things in glycogenesis that insulin activates?
- GLUT transporters - Hexokinase - Glycogen Synthase
70
What pathway do epinephrine and glucagon activate?
Glycogenolysis
71
What are the two Glycogen Phosphorylase Allosteric form?
- b (less active) | - a (more active)
72
What are two allosteric modulators in glycogenolysis and glycogenesis?
- Glucose | - Insulin
73
What signaling pathway does glucagon use?
GPCR pathway
74
What metabolic pathway occurs primarily in the liver?
Gluconeogenesis
75
What does Gluconeogenesis do?
Synthesizes glucose
76
What metabolic pathway is lactate or pyruvate converted to glucose in?
Gluconeogenesis
77
What is the first step of the Cori Cycle?
Glycogen goes to lactate while releasing 1 ATP in the muscle
78
What is the second step of the cori cycle?
Lactate goes to blood lactate and is transfered as lactate to the liver
79
What is the third step of the Cori Cycle?
Lactate is converted to glucose by using 1 ATP in the liver
80
What is the fourth step of the Cori Cycle?
Glucose goes as blood glucose to the muscle
81
What are the input costs of gluconeogenesis?
- 4 ATP - 2 GTP - 2 NADH + H

Biochem Human Form and Function (28 decks)

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