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Biochem Human Form and Function > Carbohydrate Metabolism 9/18/16 German > Flashcards

Carbohydrate Metabolism 9/18/16 German Flashcards

1
Q

What is metabolism?

A

The enzyme catalyzed reactions that transform organic molecules in cells

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2
Q

What are the two parts of Metabolism?

A
  • Catabolism

- Anabolism

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3
Q

What type of metabolism is: energy requiring synthesis of more complex products?

A

Anabolism

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4
Q

What type of metabolism is: Energy Yielding degradation of complex precursors?

A

Catabolism

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5
Q

What are four organs that regulate metabolic pathways?

A
  • Pancreas
  • Liver
  • Muscle
  • Adipose Tissue
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6
Q

What is the cell in the pancreas that helps regulate metabolic pathways?

A

Islet cells

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7
Q

What is the metabolic function of the pancreas?

A

Release insulin, glucagon, and numerous hormones

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8
Q

What is the cell in the liver that helps regulate metabolic pathways?

A

Hepatocyte

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9
Q

What is the metabolic function of the liver?

A

Maintain metabolic homeostasis

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10
Q

How does the liver maintain metabolic homeostasis?

A
  • Normalize blood glucose
  • Store glycogen
  • Synthesizing and degrading molecules
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11
Q

What are the main molecules that the liver synthesizes and degrades?

A
  • Glycogen
  • Glucose
  • Fatty Acids
  • nucleic acids
  • proteins
  • ketone bodies
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12
Q

What are the muscle cells that help regulate metabolic pathways?

A

-Skeletal
-Smooth
-Cardiac
(all of the above myocytes)

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13
Q

What is the metabolic function of muscle?

A

Utilizes glucose, fatty acids, Amino acids to fuel muscular activity

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14
Q

What cell in adipose tissue helps regulate metabolic pathways?

A

Adipocyte

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15
Q

What is the metabolic function of adipose tissue?

A

Store

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16
Q

What are the five key regulators in the metabolic pathways?

A
  • Insulin
  • Glucagon
  • Epinephrine
  • Glucose
  • ATP/AMP
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17
Q

What are four reasons why glucose is a central metabolic component?

A
  • Source of ATP
  • Energy storage
  • Molecular precursor
  • Structural backbone
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18
Q

T/F the muscle and adipose tissues are the ones that regulate metabolic homeostasis?

A

False

-They are the recipients, Panceas and liver regulate

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19
Q

What are the four major pathways of carbohydrate metabolism?

A
  • Respiration
  • Storage
  • Regenerative
  • Synthetic
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20
Q

Which major pathway forms ATP?

A

Respiration

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21
Q

Which major pathway forms glycogen, glucose?

A

Storage

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22
Q

Which major pathway forms glucose?

A

Regenerative

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23
Q

Which major pathway forms nucleic acids, lipids, and amino acids?

A

synthetic

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24
Q

Is glycolysis a catabolic or anabolic pathway?

A

Catabolic

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25
Q

Is the citric acid cycle catabolic or anabolic?

A

Catabolic

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26
Q

Is the oxidative phosphorylation pathway catabolic or anabolic?

A

catabolic

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27
Q

Is glycogenolysis catabolic or anabolic?

A

Catabolic

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28
Q

Is glycogenesis catabolic or anabolic?

A

Anabolic

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29
Q

Is gluconeogenesis catabolic or anabolic?

A

Anabolic

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30
Q

What is the function of amylases?

A

Break down complex starch’s

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31
Q

What is glycogen?

A

chains of glucose molecules that are branched

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32
Q

Where do you primarily find glycogen stores?

A
  • Muscle

- Liver

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33
Q

How much of the liver weight does glycogen form?

A

10%

34
Q

How much of the muscle weight does glycogen form?

A

2%

35
Q

What does glycogenesis do?

A

Converts glucose to glycogen

36
Q

In glycogenesis the first step is going from glucose to what molecule?

A

Glucose 6-phosphate

37
Q

In glycogenesis what enzyme is responsible for going from glucose to glucose 6-phosphate?

A

Hexokinase

38
Q

In glycogenesis the second step is going from glucose 6-phosphate to what molecule?

A

Glucose 1-phosphate

39
Q

In glycogenesis what enzyme is responsible for going from glucose 6-phosphate to glucose-1 phosphate?

A

Phosphoglucomutase

40
Q

In glycogenesis the third step is going from glucose 1-phosphate to what molecule?

A

Uracil diphosphate-glucose

41
Q

In glycogenesis what enzyme is responsible for going from glucose 1-phosphate to uracil diphosphate-glucose?

A

UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase

42
Q

In glycogenesis the fourth step is going from Uracil diphosphate-glucose to what molecule?

A

glycogen chain

43
Q

In glycogenesis what enzyme is responsible for going from Uracil diphosphate-glucose to the glycogen chain?

A

Glycogen synthase

44
Q

In glycogenesis what makes glycogen synthase such an important enzyme?

A

It is the enzyme responsible for the point of regulation

45
Q

In the fifth step of glycogenesis you go from the glycogen chain to what?

A

Glycogen particle

46
Q

In glycogenesis what enzyme is responsible for going from the glycogen chain to the glycogen particle?

A

Glycogen Branching Enzyme

47
Q

How many steps and molecules are there in glycogenesis?

A

Five steps

Six molecues

48
Q

What does putting a phosphate on glucose do?

A

It keeps glucose in that cell

49
Q

What can lead to glycogenesis?

A

To much glucose

50
Q

What does glycogenolysis do?

A

Creates glucose from glycogen

51
Q

How do you get from glycogen to Glucose 1-phosphate molecules in glycogenolysis?

A

Glycogen Phosphorylase

52
Q

How do you get from Glucose 1-phosphate to glucose 6-phosphate in glycogenolysis?

A

Phosphoglucomutase

53
Q

In glycogenolysis how do you get from glucose 6-phosphate to free glucose?

A

Glucose 6-phosphatase

54
Q

What is unique about glucose 6-phosphatase?

A

It is only found in the ER of the liver

55
Q

In glycogenolysis what molecule do you go to from glycogen?

A

Glucose 1-phosphate

56
Q

In glycogenolysis what molecule do you go to from glucose 1-phosphate?

A

Glucose 6-phosphate

57
Q

In glycogenolysis what molecule do you go to from glucose 6-phosphate?

A

Free glucose

58
Q

What can lead to glycogenolysis?

A

Low blood sugar

59
Q

When Glycogen synthase is phosphorylated does it lead to activity or inactivity?

A

Inactivity

60
Q

What enzyme is responsible for phosphorylating Glycogen Synthase?

A

Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3

61
Q

What three things lead to an upregulation of glycogen synthase activity?

A
  • Insulin
  • Glucose 6-phosphate
  • Glucose
62
Q

What leads to a down regulation of glycogen synthase activity?

A

Glucagon

Epinephrine

63
Q

Why is Glycogen phosphorylase important?

A

It removers glucose 1-phosphate from glycogen

64
Q

Is phosphorylase a or phosphorylase b the active form of glycogen phosphorylase?

A

phosphorylase a

65
Q

Is phosphorylase a phosphorylated?

A

Yes

66
Q

Is phosphorylase b phosphorylated?

A

No

67
Q

What is responsible for the up regulation of glycogen phosphorylase?

A
  • Glucagon

- Epinephrine

68
Q

What pathway does insulin signaling activate?

A

Glycogenesis

69
Q

What are there important things in glycogenesis that insulin activates?

A
  • GLUT transporters
  • Hexokinase
  • Glycogen Synthase
70
Q

What pathway do epinephrine and glucagon activate?

A

Glycogenolysis

71
Q

What are the two Glycogen Phosphorylase Allosteric form?

A
  • b (less active)

- a (more active)

72
Q

What are two allosteric modulators in glycogenolysis and glycogenesis?

A
  • Glucose

- Insulin

73
Q

What signaling pathway does glucagon use?

A

GPCR pathway

74
Q

What metabolic pathway occurs primarily in the liver?

A

Gluconeogenesis

75
Q

What does Gluconeogenesis do?

A

Synthesizes glucose

76
Q

What metabolic pathway is lactate or pyruvate converted to glucose in?

A

Gluconeogenesis

77
Q

What is the first step of the Cori Cycle?

A

Glycogen goes to lactate while releasing 1 ATP in the muscle

78
Q

What is the second step of the cori cycle?

A

Lactate goes to blood lactate and is transfered as lactate to the liver

79
Q

What is the third step of the Cori Cycle?

A

Lactate is converted to glucose by using 1 ATP in the liver

80
Q

What is the fourth step of the Cori Cycle?

A

Glucose goes as blood glucose to the muscle

81
Q

What are the input costs of gluconeogenesis?

A
  • 4 ATP
  • 2 GTP
  • 2 NADH + H

Biochem Human Form and Function (28 decks)

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