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Biochem Human Form and Function > EKC Smith > Flashcards

EKC Smith Flashcards

1
Q

What provides a record of net cardiac electrical activity measured between two points on the body surface?

A

Electrocardiography

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2
Q

What allows the cel to cell propagation of cardiac AP?

A

Gap Junctions

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3
Q

What is EKG the primary clinical tool for?

A

Cardiac arrhythmias
Myocardial injury
Disturbances in the HR

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4
Q

In an EKG where do you hear the first heart sound (Lub)?

A

The S wave

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5
Q

In an EKG where do you hear the second heart sound (Dub)?

A

Just after the T section

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6
Q

In an EKG when is ventricular filling?

A

P-Q interval

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7
Q

When does the heart refill with blood?

A

Ventricular Diastole

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8
Q

In an EKG when does ventricular systole occur?

A

Q-T interval

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9
Q

In an EKG when does the quiescent phase occur?

A

End of T wave to beginning of next P wave

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10
Q

What phase in the EKG is this, isovolumetric relaxation in early ventricular diastole until atrial contraction?

A

Quiescent phase

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11
Q

What are the two types of heart cells?

A

Specialized pacemaker cells

Working myocardial cells

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12
Q

What type of heart cells are responsible for the initiation and conduction of electrical signals (AP) through the heart?

A

Specialized Pacemaker cells

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13
Q

What type of cells are responsible for contraction and relaxation and make up the majority of the mass of the heart muscle?

A

Working myocardial cells

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14
Q

What is the normal activation sequence in the heart?

A 
SA node
Atria
AV node
Bundle of His
Bundle Branches
Purkinje fibers
Ventricles
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15
Q

What normally controls the heart rate?

A

The electrical activity of the SA node

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16
Q

What cells are specialized for rapid conduction and ensure that all ventricular cells contract at nearly the same instant?

A

Purkinje fivers

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17
Q

What cells are slower conduction to create a slight delay between atrial and ventricular contraction?

A

AV node

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18
Q

What is Phase 0?

A

Upstroke, Rapid depolarization

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19
Q

What is Phase 1?

A

Rapid repolarization

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20
Q

What is phase 2?

A

Depolarized Plateau

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21
Q

What is phase 3?

A

Rapid repolarization after plateau

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22
Q

What is phase 4?

A

Period between maxiumum Negativity and upstroke (Phase 0)

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23
Q

What are the slow response cells?

A

Specialized pacemaker cells

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24
Q

What are the fast response cells?

A

Most cardiac cells

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25
Q

Which type of cells slowly depolarize during phase 4?

A

Specialized pacemaker cells

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26
Q

What cells do not depolarize in Phase 4?

A

Working myocardial cells

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27
Q

What is it called if specialized cardiac cells fire APs spontaneously?

A

Automaticity

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28
Q

What causes phase 0 in working myocardial cells?

A

Na going in

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29
Q

What causes phase 0 in specialized pacemaker cells?

A

Ca going in

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30
Q

What causes phase 3 in both types of cells?

A

K going out

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31
Q

What causes phase 2?

A

Sustained reduction in K permeability

Sustained increase in Ca permeability

32
Q

T/F in pacemakers there is no fast inward Na current but rather a slower Ca inward current?

A

True

33
Q

What is the strength of a cardiac muscle contraction directly proportional to?

A

Intracellular Ca Concentration

34
Q

What does the AP in the heart open?

A

L-type slow Ca channels

35
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

Volume of blood being pumped by the heart per unit time

36
Q

What is the formula for cardiac output

A

CO = Stroke Volume x Heart Rate

37
Q

What is Stroke volume?

A

End diastolic volume - End systolic volume

38
Q

What is Total peripheral resistance?

A

Sum of the resistance of all peripheral vasculature

39
Q

What is the formula for Blood pressure?

A

BP = Cardiac Output x TPR

40
Q

How can you maintain blood pressure?

A

Alter the CO or the TPR

41
Q

What is the baroreceptor reflex?

A

corrects a change in arterial pressure by increasing/decreasing HR

42
Q

What is the bainbridge reflex?

A

Responds to changes in blood volume

43
Q

What is a normal HR?

A

60-100 bpm

44
Q

What is tachycardia?

A

Greater than 100 bpm

45
Q

What is bradycardia

A

Less than 60 bpm

46
Q

What is the normal sinus rhythm drive by?

A

SA node

47
Q

In an EKG which wave is atrial depolarization in response to SA node firing found?

A

P wave

48
Q

In an EKG which wave is responsible for the time for electrical wavefront to move from the atria to ventricles?

A

PR interval

49
Q

In an EKG what wave is ventricular depolarization and trigger main pumping contractions found?

A

QRS

50
Q

In an EKG what is the approximate index of ventricular AP plateau (ventricle contracts)?

A

ST segment

51
Q

What is the T wave?

A

Ventricular repolariztion

52
Q

What is the only electrical link between the atria and the ventricles?

A

AV node

53
Q

What would happen if all ventricular cells depolarized at once?

A

There would be no QRS wave

54
Q

What interval reflects the time required for AP conduction from atria to ventricles?

A

PR interval

55
Q

What interval reflects the average AP duration in ventricles?

A

QT interval

56
Q

The elevation or depression of which segment is an indicator of a myocardial infarction?

A

ST segment

57
Q

What segment is the rime for the AP to propagate through ventricles?

A

QRS wave

58
Q

Which interval is between ventricular beats?

A

R-R interval

59
Q

What does a T wave inversion indicate?

A

Ischemia

60
Q

What does ST elevation indicate?

A

Acute infarction

61
Q

What does an exaggerated Q wave indicate?

A

A developing infarction

62
Q

What does ST depression indicate?

A

Ischemia

63
Q

What does an exaggerated PR interval indicate?

A

Something wrong with the AV node

64
Q

What does the R wave normally represent?

A

The simultaneous depolarization of the left and right ventricle

65
Q

What does a split R wave indicate?

A

A damaged bundle branch

On ventricle depolarizing before the other

66
Q

What does the QRS wave normally represent?

A

the rapid depolarization of the ventricles

67
Q

What might and exaggerated QRS duration indicate?

A

Purkinje fibers may be damaged

Heart attack

68
Q

On an EKG what does the large box represent?

A

.5 MV

.2 seconds

69
Q

On and EKG what does the small box represent?

A

.1 mV

.04 seconds

70
Q

How do you determine your HR from an EKG?

A

60 divided by the R-R interval

71
Q

What is einthovens Law?

A

Lead I + Lead III = Lead II

72
Q

From and EKG how do you know if it is a sinus rhythm?

A

Only one P wave followed by QRS complex

73
Q

If you have an irregular heart rhythm, No clear P wave absence of an isoelectric baseline, irregular R wave, and the ARS complexes may or may not be prolonged, what do you have?

A

Atrial fibrillation

74
Q

If you have a P and R wave both present a regular pattern, but the PR interval is greater than .2 seconds what might you have?

A

First degree av block

75
Q

If your HR is irregular, P waves present but not regular, R waves present but not regular, and the QRS complexes drops what might you have?

A

Second degree AV block (Type I)

76
Q

If your HR is irregular, P waves are present and regular, R waves present but not regular, and QRS complexes drop what might you have?

A

Second degree AV block Type II

77
Q

If your HR is irregular, P waves are present and regular, R waves present but not regular, Dropped ARS PR interval irregular what might you have?

A

Third degree Complete AV block

Biochem Human Form and Function (28 decks)

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