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Biochem Human Form and Function > EKC Smith > Flashcards

EKC Smith Flashcards

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1
Q

What provides a record of net cardiac electrical activity measured between two points on the body surface?

A

Electrocardiography

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2
Q

What allows the cel to cell propagation of cardiac AP?

A

Gap Junctions

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3
Q

What is EKG the primary clinical tool for?

A

Cardiac arrhythmias
Myocardial injury
Disturbances in the HR

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4
Q

In an EKG where do you hear the first heart sound (Lub)?

A

The S wave

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5
Q

In an EKG where do you hear the second heart sound (Dub)?

A

Just after the T section

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6
Q

In an EKG when is ventricular filling?

A

P-Q interval

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7
Q

When does the heart refill with blood?

A

Ventricular Diastole

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8
Q

In an EKG when does ventricular systole occur?

A

Q-T interval

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9
Q

In an EKG when does the quiescent phase occur?

A

End of T wave to beginning of next P wave

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10
Q

What phase in the EKG is this, isovolumetric relaxation in early ventricular diastole until atrial contraction?

A

Quiescent phase

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11
Q

What are the two types of heart cells?

A

Specialized pacemaker cells

Working myocardial cells

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12
Q

What type of heart cells are responsible for the initiation and conduction of electrical signals (AP) through the heart?

A

Specialized Pacemaker cells

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13
Q

What type of cells are responsible for contraction and relaxation and make up the majority of the mass of the heart muscle?

A

Working myocardial cells

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14
Q

What is the normal activation sequence in the heart?

A 
SA node
Atria
AV node
Bundle of His
Bundle Branches
Purkinje fibers
Ventricles
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15
Q

What normally controls the heart rate?

A

The electrical activity of the SA node

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16
Q

What cells are specialized for rapid conduction and ensure that all ventricular cells contract at nearly the same instant?

A

Purkinje fivers

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17
Q

What cells are slower conduction to create a slight delay between atrial and ventricular contraction?

A

AV node

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18
Q

What is Phase 0?

A

Upstroke, Rapid depolarization

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19
Q

What is Phase 1?

A

Rapid repolarization

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20
Q

What is phase 2?

A

Depolarized Plateau

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21
Q

What is phase 3?

A

Rapid repolarization after plateau

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22
Q

What is phase 4?

A

Period between maxiumum Negativity and upstroke (Phase 0)

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23
Q

What are the slow response cells?

A

Specialized pacemaker cells

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24
Q

What are the fast response cells?

A

Most cardiac cells

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25
Which type of cells slowly depolarize during phase 4?
Specialized pacemaker cells
26
What cells do not depolarize in Phase 4?
Working myocardial cells
27
What is it called if specialized cardiac cells fire APs spontaneously?
Automaticity
28
What causes phase 0 in working myocardial cells?
Na going in
29
What causes phase 0 in specialized pacemaker cells?
Ca going in
30
What causes phase 3 in both types of cells?
K going out
31
What causes phase 2?
Sustained reduction in K permeability | Sustained increase in Ca permeability
32
T/F in pacemakers there is no fast inward Na current but rather a slower Ca inward current?
True
33
What is the strength of a cardiac muscle contraction directly proportional to?
Intracellular Ca Concentration
34
What does the AP in the heart open?
L-type slow Ca channels
35
What is cardiac output?
Volume of blood being pumped by the heart per unit time
36
What is the formula for cardiac output
CO = Stroke Volume x Heart Rate
37
What is Stroke volume?
End diastolic volume - End systolic volume
38
What is Total peripheral resistance?
Sum of the resistance of all peripheral vasculature
39
What is the formula for Blood pressure?
BP = Cardiac Output x TPR
40
How can you maintain blood pressure?
Alter the CO or the TPR
41
What is the baroreceptor reflex?
corrects a change in arterial pressure by increasing/decreasing HR
42
What is the bainbridge reflex?
Responds to changes in blood volume
43
What is a normal HR?
60-100 bpm
44
What is tachycardia?
Greater than 100 bpm
45
What is bradycardia
Less than 60 bpm
46
What is the normal sinus rhythm drive by?
SA node
47
In an EKG which wave is atrial depolarization in response to SA node firing found?
P wave
48
In an EKG which wave is responsible for the time for electrical wavefront to move from the atria to ventricles?
PR interval
49
In an EKG what wave is ventricular depolarization and trigger main pumping contractions found?
QRS
50
In an EKG what is the approximate index of ventricular AP plateau (ventricle contracts)?
ST segment
51
What is the T wave?
Ventricular repolariztion
52
What is the only electrical link between the atria and the ventricles?
AV node
53
What would happen if all ventricular cells depolarized at once?
There would be no QRS wave
54
What interval reflects the time required for AP conduction from atria to ventricles?
PR interval
55
What interval reflects the average AP duration in ventricles?
QT interval
56
The elevation or depression of which segment is an indicator of a myocardial infarction?
ST segment
57
What segment is the rime for the AP to propagate through ventricles?
QRS wave
58
Which interval is between ventricular beats?
R-R interval
59
What does a T wave inversion indicate?
Ischemia
60
What does ST elevation indicate?
Acute infarction
61
What does an exaggerated Q wave indicate?
A developing infarction
62
What does ST depression indicate?
Ischemia
63
What does an exaggerated PR interval indicate?
Something wrong with the AV node
64
What does the R wave normally represent?
The simultaneous depolarization of the left and right ventricle
65
What does a split R wave indicate?
A damaged bundle branch | On ventricle depolarizing before the other
66
What does the QRS wave normally represent?
the rapid depolarization of the ventricles
67
What might and exaggerated QRS duration indicate?
Purkinje fibers may be damaged | Heart attack
68
On an EKG what does the large box represent?
.5 MV | .2 seconds
69
On and EKG what does the small box represent?
.1 mV | .04 seconds
70
How do you determine your HR from an EKG?
60 divided by the R-R interval
71
What is einthovens Law?
Lead I + Lead III = Lead II
72
From and EKG how do you know if it is a sinus rhythm?
Only one P wave followed by QRS complex
73
If you have an irregular heart rhythm, No clear P wave absence of an isoelectric baseline, irregular R wave, and the ARS complexes may or may not be prolonged, what do you have?
Atrial fibrillation
74
If you have a P and R wave both present a regular pattern, but the PR interval is greater than .2 seconds what might you have?
First degree av block
75
If your HR is irregular, P waves present but not regular, R waves present but not regular, and the QRS complexes drops what might you have?
Second degree AV block (Type I)
76
If your HR is irregular, P waves are present and regular, R waves present but not regular, and QRS complexes drop what might you have?
Second degree AV block Type II
77
If your HR is irregular, P waves are present and regular, R waves present but not regular, Dropped ARS PR interval irregular what might you have?
Third degree Complete AV block

Biochem Human Form and Function (28 decks)

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