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Biochem Human Form and Function > Fatty Acid Metabolism German 9/27/16 > Flashcards

Fatty Acid Metabolism German 9/27/16 Flashcards

1
Q

What are three sources to obtain lipids and fatty acids?

A
  • Diet
  • Adipose storage
  • Synthesis in tissue
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2
Q

What are the four fates of lipids and fatty acids?

A
  • Energy substrates
  • Precursors
  • Structural elements
  • Signaling Molecules
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3
Q

What are dietary lipids processed and transported as?

A

Chylomicrons

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4
Q

T/F Fatty acids are hydrophobic and stable in water

A

True

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5
Q

What is the first step in processing dietary lipids?

A

-Bile salts emulsify fats in the small intestine forming mixed micelles

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6
Q

In the second step of processing dietary lipids what brakes down triacylglycerols?

A

Intestinal lipases

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7
Q

In the third step of processing and transporting the dietary lipids what takes up the fatty acids and break down products?

A

Intestinal mucosa

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8
Q

In the third step of processing the dietary lipids are taken up by the intestinal mucosa and converted into what?

A

Triacylglycerols

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9
Q

What happens in the fourth step of processing dietary lipids?

A

The Triacylglycerols are incorporated with cholesterol and apolipoproteins into chylomicrons

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10
Q

In the fifth step of processing dietary lipids where do the chylomicrons move?

A

From the lymphatic system and bloodstream to the tissues

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11
Q

While in the capillary what happens to the triacylglycerols found in the chylomicrons?

A

Lipoprotein lipase breaks them down to fatty acids and glycerols

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12
Q

What are the three functions of apolipoproteins?

A
  • Lipid binding proteins
  • Combine with lipids to form lipoproteins
  • Diverse functions
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13
Q

What are the two ways that fatty acids are transported?

A
  • Free Fatty acids

- Lipoproteins

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14
Q

How are free fatty acids transported?

A

carried by serum albumin

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15
Q

What is a phospholipid, cholesterol, and protein membrane-bound vesicles containing triglycerides?

A

Lipoproteins

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16
Q

What are the four classes of lipoproteins?

A
  • Chylomicrons
  • Very Low Density Lipoprotein (VLDL)
  • Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL)
  • High Density Lipoprotein (HDL)
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17
Q

Which type of lipoprotein has the highest amount of triacylglycerides in it?

A

chylomicrons

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18
Q

Which type of lipoproteins has the lowest amount of triacylglycerides in it?

A

HDL

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19
Q

What are the two major pathways of lipid transport?

A
  • Exogenous

- Endogenous

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20
Q

What type of lipoprotein is responsible for delivering fatty acids to target tissues?

A

VLDL

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21
Q

What types of lipoproteins are responsible for transporting cholesterol?

A
  • LDL

- HDL

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22
Q

What is responsible for activating lipases?

A

Apolipoproteins

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23
Q

What type of protein do you find in the exogenous pathway?

A

Chylomicrons

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24
Q

What pathway do you find LDL, HDL, and VLDL?

A

Endogenous pathway

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25
Q

T/F

Only 25% of the fatty acids transported are used by the tissues.

A

True

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26
Q

Where is VLDL, HDL, and LDL synthesized?

A

Liver

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27
Q

Where are LDL receptors synthesizes?

A

ER

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28
Q

What is the first step of LDL entering the cell?

A

The LDL particle binds to the LDL receptor on the membrane

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29
Q

What is the second step of LDL entering the cell?

A

LDL is internalized in and endosome

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30
Q

What is the third step of LDL entering the cell?

A

-LDL receptors get recycled

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31
Q

What is the fourth step of LDL entering the cell?

A

The LDL endosome fuses with a lysosome

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32
Q

What is the fifth step of LDL entering the cell?

A

The lytic enzymes from the lysosome break down LDL particle

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33
Q

What is the LDL particle broken down into?

A
  • Amino Acids
  • Fatty Acids
  • Cholesterols (lipid droplet)
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34
Q

When does the triacylglycerol cycle occur?

A

During starvation

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35
Q

What are triacylglycerols broken down into in the triacylglycerol cycle?

A
  • Glycerol

- Fatty acid

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36
Q

What combines with a fatty acid in the liver to form a triacylgycerol?

A

Glycerol 3-phosphate

37
Q

What hormone initiates the release/breakdown of fatty acids?

A

Glucagon

38
Q

After glucagon has interacted with its receptor on the adipose tissue what does that eventually activate?

A

PKA

39
Q

What does PKA phosphorylate in the lipid droplet that creates an opening along the membrane?

A

Perilipin

40
Q

What breaks down the adipose triglycerides? (from triaclyglycerol to diacylglycerol)

A

ATGL (Adipose Triglyceride Lipase)

41
Q

What removes the glycerol linker in adipose triglycerides?

A

MGL (Monoglyceride lipase)

42
Q

Where does the glycerol that is released when the trigacylglycerides are broken down go for energy creation?

A

Glycolysis

43
Q

Where do the fatty acids from the triacylglycerides go for energy?

A

Form fatty acyl-CoAs used in Beta Oxidation

44
Q

Where are the fatty acyl-CoAs transported for oxidation?

A

Mitochondria

45
Q

What transports the fatty acyl-CoAs into the mitochondria?

A

Acyl-Carnitine/Carnitine Transporter

46
Q

What are the three stages that fatty oxidation occurs in?

A
  • B-oxidation
  • CAC
  • Oxidative Phosphorylation
47
Q

What do you release per oxidation step in fatty acid B-Oxidation?

A
  • 1 Acetyl CoA
  • 1 NADH
  • 1 FADH2
48
Q

How many carbons are reduced from the fatty acid per each step of the B-oxidation?

A

2 Carbons are removed

49
Q

What enzyme from B-oxidation feeds directly into the electron transport chain?

A

Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase

50
Q

Acetyl-CoA produced from B-oxidation enters two places what are they?

A
  • CAC

- Forms Ketone bodies

51
Q

T/F Lipids can be a precursor for Amino Acid synthesis

A

True

52
Q

What are three important Ketone bodies produced from the Acetyl-CoA?

A
  • Acetoacetate
  • Acetone
  • d-B-hydroxybutyrate
53
Q

What are ketones used as an energy source for?

A
  • Heart
  • Skeletal muscle
  • Kidney
  • Brain
54
Q

Which two ketone bodies are exported as energy for the heart, skeletal muscle, kidney, and the brain?

A
  • Acetoacetate

- D-B-Hydroxybutyrate

55
Q

T/F Acetone can be converted back to Acetyl CoA

A

False

It Can NOT

56
Q

How many carbons does palmitate have?

A

16

57
Q

T/F

Excess Acetyl-CoA can form fatty acids

A

True

58
Q

What hormone activates acetyl-CoA and Fatty acid synthesis?

A

Insulin

59
Q

What is the first step of fatty acid synthesis?

A

Transport of Acetyl-CoA into the cytoplasm

60
Q

What is the second step of fatty acid synthesis?

A

Carboxylation of acetyl-CoA into malonyl-CoA

61
Q

In the third step of fatty acid synthesis what enzyme combines acetyl-CoA and molonyl-CoA to start an acyl chain?

A

Fatty acid synthase

62
Q

In the fourth step of fatty acid synthesis what does fatty acid synthase do?

A

Adds Malonyl-CoA carbons to create palmitate

63
Q

Where are fatty acids modified?

A

In the ER

64
Q

What are four things that fatty acids can be modified into in the ER?

A
  • Phospholipids
  • Sterols
  • FA elongation
  • FA desaturation
65
Q

Where does lipid synthesis occur?

A

Cytoplasmic space

66
Q

Where is acetyl-CoA produced?

A

Mitochondrial matrix

67
Q

How does acetyl-CoA get from the mitochondrial matrix to the cytoplasmic space?

A

Citrate Shuttle

68
Q

What enzyme is responsible for carboxylating acetyl-CoA to from malonyl-CoA?

A

Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase (ACC)

69
Q

What vitamin is necessary for ACC?

A

Biotin (vitamin b7)

70
Q

Why is malonyl-CoA necessary?

A

For acyl chain initiation and synthesis

71
Q

How many types of Fatty Acid synthase are there?

A

two

72
Q

Which type of fatty acid synthase is found in humans?

A

FAS I

73
Q

What is unique about FAS I?

A

It can only produce 16 carbon saturated fatty acids

74
Q

What are the two essential fatty acids?

A

Linoleate

A-Linolenate

75
Q

What is responsible for shuttling malonyl CoA to FAS?

A

Acyl Carrier Protein

76
Q

What is essential for the acyl carrier protein?

A

Pantothenic acid

77
Q

What are two ways that NADPH is produced?

A
  • Pentose Phosphate Pathway

- Malic Enzyme

78
Q

T/F Insulin activates ACC via phosphatase that leads to fatty acid synthesis

A

True

79
Q

T/F ACC activity regulates the balance of FA synthesis and oxidation

A

True

80
Q

What inhibits the Fatty acyl-CoA from being converted into the fatty-acyl carnitine?

A

Malonyl-CoA

81
Q

What is required for FA synthesis to occur?

A
  • 2 NADPH
  • 1 Acetyl CoA
  • 1 Malonyl CoA
82
Q

What two molecules help form phosphatidic acid?

A
  • Glucose

- Glycerol

83
Q

T/F

FA addition to phosphatidic acid forms phospholipids and triglycerides

A

True

84
Q

T/F Cholesterol is not formed from acetyl-CoA

A

False

it is formed from acetyl CoA

85
Q

T/F Cholesterol is involved in lipoprotein and hormone formation

A

True

86
Q

If phosphatidic acid has a phosphate removed what does it become?

A

Triacylglycerol

87
Q

If phosphatidic acid has a phosphate group added what does it become?

A

Phospholipids

88
Q

What does HDL do?

A

Brings foam cells back to the liver

89
Q

What does a low level of HDL allow?

A

Plaque formation from foam cells

Biochem Human Form and Function (28 decks)

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