Thoracic Limb 1 (Exam 1)

Question 1

_______ act on joints.

Answer 1

muscles

Question 2

Compare how a horse gets up to how an ox gets up.

Answer 2

Horse: swings head to get thoracic limbs up, then pelvic limbs
Ox: raises pelvic limbs, then thoracic limbs

Question 3

Conformation of the limb affects _________.

Answer 3

movement

Question 4

Poor conformation of the limb can lead to what 3 problems?

Answer 4

arthritis
splints
lameness

Question 5

Horse people call _______ the “knee”.

Answer 5

carpus

Question 6

Many limb conformation problems occur at the ________.

Answer 6

carpus

Question 7

What percent of an ox or horse’s body weight is on the thoracic limbs? Why is this significant?

Answer 7

55-60%
where most lameness occurs

Question 8

In the thoracic limb, most lameness is related to the _______.

Answer 8

digit

Question 9

How do cattle walk when lame?

Answer 9

walk with arched back in pain

Question 10

(T/F) There is no bony attachment of the thoracic limb to the trunk of the body.

Answer 10

True

Question 11

Because the thoracic limb has no bony attachment to the trunk of the body, it is attached by _______ and _______.

Answer 11

muscles
ligaments

Question 12

Within the scapula, the horse doesn’t have a(n) _________.

Answer 12

acromion

Question 13

The spine of the scapula divides it into ________ and _______. Which is larger / smaller? Which is cranial / caudal?

Answer 13

supraspinatus fossa: smaller, cranial
infraspinatus fossa: larger, caudal

Question 14

Which muscles attach to the supraspinous fossa and infraspinous fossa of the scapula?

Answer 14

supraspinatus M
infraspinatus M

Question 15

What is the term for the dorsal border of the scapula overlying dorsal spinous processes of the first few several thoracic vertebrae?

Answer 15

withers

Question 16

Term for infection of the supraspinous bursa

Answer 16

fistulous withers

Question 17

Fistulous withers is relatively common in what animal?

Answer 17

draft horses (ill-fitting collar)

Question 18

What extrinsic muscle of the thoracic limb is important to the stay apparatus?

Answer 18

serratus ventralis

Question 19

Which two vessels run through the lateral pectoral groove?

Answer 19

cephalic V
deltoid branch of superficial cervical A

Question 20

What disease can occur from damage on the lateral pectoral region? Why?

Answer 20

Horner’s syndrome
middle cervical ggl + SNS run with vagosympathetic trunk in this region

Question 21

What is a unique feature of the humerus of the horse?

Answer 21

intermediate tubercle with two intertubercular grooves

Question 22

What lies on the intertubercular grooves of the humerus of the horse?

Answer 22

tendons of biceps brachii M (split in horse)

Question 23

(Greater/lesser) tubercle of the humerus is lateral.

Answer 23

greater

Question 24

What muscle group attaches to the greater and lesser tubercles of the humerus?

Answer 24

pectoral Mm

Question 25

(T/F) You cannot palpate the point of the shoulder on a standing horse.

Answer 25

False

Question 26

What is different about the superficial cervical lymph nodes between the cow vs. horse?

Answer 26

Horse: small group, not palpable Ox: large, palpable

Question 27

What is the superficial cervical lymph node of the ox called in practice?

Answer 27

prescapular

Question 28

(T/F) The horse has a clavicle but the ox does not.

Answer 28

False - neither

Question 29

The shoulder joint is made up of what 2 things?

Answer 29

supraglenoid tubercle of scapula biceps brachii M

Question 30

Glenoid cavity of the scapula is surrounded by a rim of cartilage that deepens the cavity called the ________.

Answer 30

labrum

Question 31

The shoulder joint is technically called a _______ joint. What two actions is it restricted to?

Answer 31

spheroid extension + flexion

Question 32

(T/F) The shoulder joint has a medial and lateral collateral ligament which stabilize it.

Answer 32

False - NO collateral joints!

Question 33

Because the shoulder joint has no collateral ligaments, stability is primarily provided by what two things?

Answer 33

tendons of infraspinatus + subscapularis Mm

Question 34

The large joint capsule of the shoulder joint is reinforced by two ________ ligaments.

Answer 34

glenohumeral

Question 35

Why is it difficult to get a good quality radiograph of the thoracic limb?

Answer 35

cassette has to be up underneath the axillary region

Question 36

Define intrinsic muscles.

Answer 36

do not connect to body proper, all contained within thoracic limb

Question 37

*What are the 2 landmarks of the bursa of the infraspinatus M?

Answer 37

1. caudal part of greater tubercle 2. tendon of infraspinatus M

Question 38

What bursa is located between the tendon of the biceps brachii M and the bone?

Answer 38

intertubercular bursa

Question 39

*What term is given to the intertubercular bursa in practice?

Answer 39

bicipital bursa

Question 40

What is the landmark for injecting the bicipital (intertubercular) bursa?

Answer 40

deltoid tuberosity (lateral aspect palpable in horse)

Question 41

2 parts of the deltoideus in the ox

Answer 41

scapular part acromion part

Question 42

The internal tendon of the biceps brachii M of the horse and ox blends with the connective tissue of _________ M to form what?

Answer 42

extensor carpi radialis M lacertus fibrosus

Question 43

Term for firm structure on flexor aspect of elbow

Answer 43

lacertus fibrosus

Question 44

What is the significance of the lacertus fibrosus?

Answer 44

important for stay apparatus

Question 45

Which muscle is an antagonist to the biceps brachii M?

Answer 45

triceps brachii M

Question 46

Which species has an accessory head of the triceps brachii M?

Answer 46

ox

Question 47

What muscle tenses the shoulder joint capsule? Which species is it inconsistent in?

Answer 47

articularis humeri M bovine

Question 48

Match the lymph node and species by location which lymph drains from: 1. thoracic wall, shoulder & brachium Mm --> caudal deep cervical lnn 2. pectoral Mm, shoulder & brachial Mm, bones to carpus, scalenus, serratus ventralis 3. shoulder & brachium Mm, bones to carpus 4. elbow joint, muscles, tendons

Answer 48

1. proper axillary (equine) 2. axillary (bovine) 3. proper axillary (bovine) 4. cubital (equine)

Question 49

______ lymph nodes are located caudal to the shoulder joint on the medial aspect of the limb. ______ lymph nodes are on the medial aspect of the humerus proximal to the elbow.

Answer 49

axillary cubital