Birds 2

Question 1

List the 3 major types of feathers.

Answer 1

1. contour
2. down
3. filoplumes

Question 2

Contour feathers include _________, the primary flight feathers, _________, flight feathers on the tail, and ________, which are all other feathers that cover flight feathers.

Answer 2

remiges
rectrices
tectrices

Question 3

Contour feathers have a feather shaft called ________.

Answer 3

scapus

Question 4

The part of the scapus, or feather shaft, that is in the feather follicle is the _______.

Answer 4

calamus

Question 5

The calamus has a proximal and distal __________ where each end opens and would contain blood vessels.

Answer 5

umbilicus

Question 6

_________ are flakes of keratin within the calamus, showing remnants of feather growth.

Answer 6

pulp caps

Question 7

Part of feather shaft with vanes coming off of it.

Answer 7

rachis

Question 8

Of the feather vanes, they are made up of projections called ______, with even smaller __________, and then smaller ________.

Answer 8

barbs
barbules
barbicels

Question 9

Two functions of down feathers

Answer 9

warmth
buoyancy

Question 10

(T/F) Down feathers are beneath contour feathers in waterfowl.

Answer 10

True

Question 11

What feather type is “hair-like”? What is its possible function?

Answer 11

filoplumes
sensory receptor

Question 12

Term for growing or immature feathers that bleed when moved or removed.

Answer 12

pin feathers

Question 13

Tracks that contain contour feathers within the skin of a bird are called _________ where ________ are areas where there are no feathers in the skin.

Answer 13

pterylae
apteria

Question 14

How is forced molting induced in the hen?

Answer 14

take away food for a few days –> molting from stress

Question 15

Term for foot of an avian.

Answer 15

pes

Question 16

Term for hard keratin projection on the pes with core of bone which is more prominent in males.

Answer 16

spur

Question 17

Avians have _________ bones in which air sacs extend into its bones.

Answer 17

pneumatic

Question 18

___________ foramen is present in the humerus where the air sacs extend into it.

Answer 18

pneumatic

Question 19

(T/F) The femur is the only truly pneumatic bone in the chicken and turkey.

Answer 19

False - humerus

Question 20

Avians have (more/less) inorganic bone matrix or hydroxyapatite, and (more/less) organic matrix or collagen than typical long bones of the mammal.

Answer 20

more
less

Question 21

Reptiles and avians have a _______ skull, allowing for a widened jaw.

Answer 21

kinetic

Question 22

Birds have ___ occipital condyle(s). For what purpose?

Answer 22

one
lots of mobility to reach feathers around body

Question 23

The mandible of the bird articulates with ________.

Answer 23

quadrate bone

Question 24

Cervical vertebrae in the bird articulate with __________ which allow for great mobility of the head and neck.

Answer 24

synovial joints

Question 25

Term for ridge of bone made of fusion of the last few cervical vertebrae and first few thoracic vertebrae.

Answer 25

notarium

Question 26

Term for bone which is the fusion of some caudal thoracic vertebrae, all lumbar, all sacral, and some caudal.

Answer 26

synsacrum

Question 27

(T/F) Birds have a pelvic symphysis.

Answer 27

False

Question 28

Term for bone of fused last few caudal vertebrae.

Answer 28

pygostyle

Question 29

Of the sternum, the _______, or keel, is where the muscles of flight attach.

Answer 29

carina

Question 30

How many digits are present on the thoracic limb of the bird?

Answer 30

3

Question 31

Term for digit known as "little wing" with proximal and distal phalanges which help for maneuver during flight.

Answer 31

alular digit

Question 32

The coracoid bone is between the ________ and _______.

Answer 32

shoulder joint sternum

Question 33

The two fused clavicles that make a "wish-bone" in the bird are called what?

Answer 33

furcula

Question 34

Function of furcula.

Answer 34

keep shoulder joints from collapse over long flights

Question 35

__________ is where the furcula, coracoid bone, and scapula come together.

Answer 35

triosseal canal

Question 36

Two attachments of supracoracoideus M.

Answer 36

triosseal canal proximal end of humerus

Question 37

Distal row of carpal bones fuse with the metacarpal bones to form _______.

Answer 37

carpometacarpal bones

Question 38

Proximal tarsal bone fuses with tibia which forms __________.

Answer 38

tibiotarsal bone

Question 39

Distal row of tarsal bones fuses with metatarsal bones forming ___________.

Answer 39

tarsometatarsal bone

Question 40

The hock joint in the bird is also known as ____________. This is between what two bones?

Answer 40

intertarsal joint tibiotarsal + tarsometatarsal bones

Question 41

Function of Pectoral M.

Answer 41

contraction --> downward stroke of wing

Question 42

Which muscle is underneath the Pectoral M which passes through the triosseal canal and attaches to the proximal end of the humerus?

Answer 42

supracoracoideus M

Question 43

Function of Supracoracoideus M.

Answer 43

elevation of the wing

Question 44

As birds age, sometimes tendons of the limbs and wing can become ________.

Answer 44

mineralized

Question 45

Term for process where hock joint flexes tendons so interphalangeal joint flexes passively to lock on during sleep.

Answer 45

reciprocal apparatus