Birds 2 Flashcards
List the 3 major types of feathers.
- contour
- down
- filoplumes
Contour feathers include _________, the primary flight feathers, _________, flight feathers on the tail, and ________, which are all other feathers that cover flight feathers.
remiges
rectrices
tectrices
Contour feathers have a feather shaft called ________.
scapus
The part of the scapus, or feather shaft, that is in the feather follicle is the _______.
calamus
The calamus has a proximal and distal __________ where each end opens and would contain blood vessels.
umbilicus
_________ are flakes of keratin within the calamus, showing remnants of feather growth.
pulp caps
Part of feather shaft with vanes coming off of it.
rachis
Of the feather vanes, they are made up of projections called ______, with even smaller __________, and then smaller ________.
barbs
barbules
barbicels
Two functions of down feathers
warmth
buoyancy
(T/F) Down feathers are beneath contour feathers in waterfowl.
True
What feather type is “hair-like”? What is its possible function?
filoplumes
sensory receptor
Term for growing or immature feathers that bleed when moved or removed.
pin feathers
Tracks that contain contour feathers within the skin of a bird are called _________ where ________ are areas where there are no feathers in the skin.
pterylae
apteria
How is forced molting induced in the hen?
take away food for a few days –> molting from stress
Term for foot of an avian.
pes
Term for hard keratin projection on the pes with core of bone which is more prominent in males.
spur
Avians have _________ bones in which air sacs extend into its bones.
pneumatic
___________ foramen is present in the humerus where the air sacs extend into it.
pneumatic
(T/F) The femur is the only truly pneumatic bone in the chicken and turkey.
False - humerus
Avians have (more/less) inorganic bone matrix or hydroxyapatite, and (more/less) organic matrix or collagen than typical long bones of the mammal.
more
less
Reptiles and avians have a _______ skull, allowing for a widened jaw.
kinetic
Birds have ___ occipital condyle(s). For what purpose?
one
lots of mobility to reach feathers around body
The mandible of the bird articulates with ________.
quadrate bone
Cervical vertebrae in the bird articulate with __________ which allow for great mobility of the head and neck.
synovial joints
Term for ridge of bone made of fusion of the last few cervical vertebrae and first few thoracic vertebrae.
notarium
Term for bone which is the fusion of some caudal thoracic vertebrae, all lumbar, all sacral, and some caudal.
synsacrum
(T/F) Birds have a pelvic symphysis.
False
Term for bone of fused last few caudal vertebrae.
pygostyle
Of the sternum, the _______, or keel, is where the muscles of flight attach.
carina
How many digits are present on the thoracic limb of the bird?
3
Term for digit known as “little wing” with proximal and distal phalanges which help for maneuver during flight.
alular digit
The coracoid bone is between the ________ and _______.
shoulder joint
sternum
The two fused clavicles that make a “wish-bone” in the bird are called what?
furcula
Function of furcula.
keep shoulder joints from collapse over long flights
__________ is where the furcula, coracoid bone, and scapula come together.
triosseal canal
Two attachments of supracoracoideus M.
triosseal canal
proximal end of humerus
Distal row of carpal bones fuse with the metacarpal bones to form _______.
carpometacarpal bones
Proximal tarsal bone fuses with tibia which forms __________.
tibiotarsal bone
Distal row of tarsal bones fuses with metatarsal bones forming ___________.
tarsometatarsal bone
The hock joint in the bird is also known as ____________. This is between what two bones?
intertarsal joint
tibiotarsal + tarsometatarsal bones
Function of Pectoral M.
contraction –> downward stroke of wing
Which muscle is underneath the Pectoral M which passes through the triosseal canal and attaches to the proximal end of the humerus?
supracoracoideus M
Function of Supracoracoideus M.
elevation of the wing
As birds age, sometimes tendons of the limbs and wing can become ________.
mineralized
Term for process where hock joint flexes tendons so interphalangeal joint flexes passively to lock on during sleep.
reciprocal apparatus
