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Large Animal Anatomy > Pelvic Limb (Exam 3) > Flashcards

Pelvic Limb (Exam 3) Flashcards

1
Q

Most lameness occurs in the (thoracic/pelvic) limb digits.

A

thoracic

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2
Q

(T/F) The coxofemoral joint has two collateral ligaments.

A

False - NONE

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3
Q

Term for inflammation of ligament

A

desmitis

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4
Q

Term for cutting or division of ligaments

A

desmotomy

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5
Q

Term for surgical division of a tendon

A

myotenotomy

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6
Q

Term for fusion of a joint

A

arthrodesis

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7
Q

Term for medial deviation of the pelvic limb

A

tarsal varus

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8
Q

Term for lateral deviation of the pelvic limb

A

tarsal valgus

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9
Q

Chesnuts are the lay term for _______.

A

torus tarseus

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10
Q

What are chestnuts?

A

keratinized area on tarsal pad

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11
Q

What are chestnuts called in mules and donkeys?

A

night eyes

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12
Q

What is an ergot?

A

callous on plantar/palmar aspect of fetlock

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13
Q

Ergot is the lay term for _______.

A

calcar metatarseum

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14
Q

When taking limb radiographs in the horse and cow, you take ______ views for a total of _ radiographs.

A

oblique
4

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15
Q

In the coxofemoral joint, the ox has ___ ligament(s) and the horse has ___.

A

1
2

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16
Q

What only ligament is in the coxofemoral joint of the ox? What is significant?

A

ligament of the head of the femur
can “cow kick” = wide lateral swing

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17
Q

What ligaments are part of the coxofemoral joint of the horse?

A
  1. ligament of the head of the femur
  2. accessory ligament of the head of the femur
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18
Q

What is significant about the horse having an accessory ligament of the head of the femur in the coxofemoral joint?

A

restricts rotation & abduction (less wide swing than ox)

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19
Q

The greater trochanter is divided in _____ but not in _____.

A

horse
cattle

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20
Q

Which species has a prominent third trochanter? Which doesn’t have it?

A

horse
cow

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21
Q

Which muscles in the horse have well-developed vertebral heads?

A

caudolateral muscles (of the thigh)

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22
Q

Which muscle attaches to the supracondylar fossa of the femur?

A

superficial digital flexor M

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23
Q

Which animal has a major and minor adductor? In which animal are they fused?

A

horse
ox

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24
Q

Which muscles allow for rearing in the horse?

A

biceps femoris M
semitendinosus M

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25
Q

Patellar locking mechanism in the ______ is caused by the _______ on the trochlea of the femur which locks the stifle in place.

A

horse
medial ridge

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26
Q

What structure is the landmark for injecting medial femorotibial compartment for sport horse injections?

A

medial collateral ligament (of stifle)

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27
Q

The patella is a _______ bone.

A

sesamoid

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28
Q

There are __ patellar ligaments. List them.

A

3
1. intermediate (middle) patellar lig.
2. lateral patellar lig.
3. medial patellar lig.

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29
Q

What does the “passive stay apparatus” enable in horses?

A

can rest while standing up w/o much muscle use

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30
Q

Which patellar ligament is important for the passive stay apparatus in horses?

A

medial patellar ligament

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31
Q

The joint capsule of the stifle has a large joint space divided in compartments or _____. List them.

A

femoropatellar sac
lateral + medial sacs of femorotibial joint

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32
Q

The femoropatellar sac communicates with the medial femoropatellar sac in ___% of horses and ___% of cattle.

A

65%
100%

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33
Q

The medial and lateral femorotibial sacs communicate ___% in the horse and ___% in the ox.

A

<25%
0%

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34
Q

In horses, you must inject ___ sac(s) of the stifle joint capsule while in the ox, you need to inject ___.

A

3
2

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35
Q

3 muscles that flex the stifle joint

A
  1. triceps surae
  2. popliteus
  3. superficial digital flexor
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36
Q

4 muscles that extend the stifle joint

A
  1. quadriceps femoris
  2. biceps femoris
  3. semitendinosus
  4. semimembranosus
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37
Q

Upward fixation of the patella can occur when the _______ gets stuck over the ______.

A

medial patellar ligament
medial trochlear ridge

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38
Q

Treatment for upward fixation of the patella in younger horse? Older horse?

A

difficult to correct in younger horse (congential)

can exercise older horse, give injection, medial patellar desmotomy (cut as last resort)

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39
Q

Medial and lateral patellar luxation/subluxation are rare and due to what?

A

hypoplasia of trochlear ridges

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40
Q

In the horse, the distal remnant of the fibula is the __________.

A

lateral malleolus

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41
Q

In the ruminant: distally, the fibula comes the _________.

A

malleolar bone

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42
Q

What additional muscle of the crus of the pelvic limb does the ox have?

A

fibularis longus M

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43
Q

*In the horse, the cranial tibial tendon splits and the medial part is the _______.

A

cunean tendon

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44
Q

Where is the landmark for injection site into the hock in horses?

A

cunean tendon

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45
Q

What are the 4 tarsal joints from proximal to distal?

A
  1. tarsocrural joint (tibiotarsal)
  2. proximal intertarsal joint
  3. distal intertarsal joint
  4. tarsometatarsal joint
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46
Q

What 3 things make up the tarsocrural joint in the ox?

A
  1. tibial cochlea
  2. proximal trochlea of the talus
  3. malleolar bone
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47
Q

Which 2 things make up the tarsocrural joint of the horse?

A
  1. tibia
  2. talus
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48
Q

What structures cause spring-like flexion & extension of the tarsus joint in equine? *What’s its significance?

A

collateral ligaments
muscle energy saver

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49
Q

List the ligaments of the tarsus

A
  1. collateral
  2. dorsal tarsal
  3. plantar tarsal
  4. dorsal tarsometatarsal
  5. plantar tarsometatarsal
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50
Q

The plantar tarsometatarsal ligament in the tarsal joint becomes the _________ distally.

A

check ligament

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51
Q

Term for inflammation of long plantar ligament of superficial digital flexor tendon in horses

A

curb

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52
Q

A curb is inflammation of what structure in horses?

A

long plantar ligament OR SDFT

53
Q

How many joint sacs are in the hock?

A

3

54
Q

Which two joint sac communicates with what joint of the hock? Which two only sometimes communicate in horses?

A

tarsocrural sac + proximal intertarsal joint

distal intertarsal + tarsometatarsal sac

55
Q

What 3 joints are used for intra-articular injections of tarsus?

A

tarsocrural joint
tarsometatarsal joint
distal intertarsal joint

56
Q

Which two joints may you need to inject for intra-articular injections?

A

tarsometatarsal joint + distal intertarsal joint (may communicate, but inject both)

57
Q

(T/F) It is normal to get fluid during an intra-articular joint injection but not normal to get nothing.

A

False - both normal

58
Q

What is “spavin”? Main symptom and treatment?

A

problem with hock
lameness
injection

59
Q

What occurs with a bone spavin?

A

osteoarthritis; osteofites with extra bone growth

60
Q

Which joint is primarily affected by osteoarthritis?

A

distal intertarsal joint

61
Q

Term for tarsocrural joint capsule effusion

A

bog

62
Q

What is a “thoroughpin”?

A

effusion of tarsal sheath

63
Q

What is “joint ill”?

A

neonates without colostrum causes bacterial infection in joints and arthritis

64
Q

Term for freezing the area with liquid nitrogen to create inflammatory response to help with lameness

A

freeze firing

65
Q

In the horse, metatarsal __ and __ are called the ______ bones.

A

2 + 4
splint

66
Q

What is a “button” on a splint bone?

A

enlargement at tip (needs nerve block)

67
Q

In horses, metatarsal 3 is called the _______.

A

cannon bone

68
Q

Which two metatarsal bones are fused in the ox?

A

3 + 4

69
Q

Metatarsal sesamoid bone in the ox articulates with the base of which metatarsal?

A

3

70
Q

What another name for the check ligament?

A

accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor M

71
Q

The check ligament is part of the __________.

A

stay apparatus

72
Q

The distal sesamoid bone is also called the _________.

A

navicular bone

73
Q

Ruminants and the pig have “dewclaws” or ______ which are digits ___ and ___.

A

paradigits
2 & 5

74
Q

Iliac fascia binds to the _____ Mm.

A

psoas

75
Q

Of the fascia lata, it has ______ which is deep to the skin and continues on the cranial part of the crus as _____________.

A

superficial lamina
superficial crural fascia

76
Q

The fascia lata has a superficial and ______ lamina which continues as ___________.

A

deep
deep crural fascia

77
Q

What fascia fuses with the biceps femoris and semitendinosus tendons? What tendon does it form?

A

proper (middle) fascia
intermediate tendon

78
Q

Proper (middle) fascia gives rise to what in the ox vs. horse?

A

ox: 2 extensor, 1 flexor retinaculum
horse: 3 extensor, 1 flexor retinaculum

79
Q

What 2 extensor retinacula are in the ox? Which additional one is in the horse?

A
  1. crural extensor
  2. metatarsal extensor
  3. tarsal extensor (HORSE ONLY)
80
Q

Which 3 muscles does the crural extensor retinaculum contain?

A
  1. long digital extensor
  2. cranial tibial
  3. fibularis tertius
81
Q

What muscle does the tarsal extensor retinaculum contain (horses)?

A

long digital extensor M

82
Q

Which 2 muscles does the metatarsal extensor retinaculum contain?

A

long digital extensor
lateral digital extensor

83
Q

What 2 muscles does the flexor retinaculum contain?

A

lateral digital flexor
caudal tibial

84
Q

One cause of edema in limb that usually occurs in loose tissues beneath skin or muscle bundles

A

cellulitis

85
Q

The common calcanean tendon is made of the combined tendons of what 4 muscles?

A
  1. triceps surae
  2. SDF
  3. biceps femoris
  4. semitendinosus
86
Q

Condition in cattle <1 year old which contracts gastrocnemius M which uncontrollably extends the leg

A

bovine spastic paresis

87
Q

Treatment of bovine spastic paresis

A

tibial neurectomy
desmotomy of gastroc + SDF tendons

88
Q

What are the 2 muscles of the distal pelvic limb?

A
  1. interosseous medius M
  2. extensor digitalis brevis M
89
Q

What is another name for the interosseous media M in horses?

A

suspensory ligament

90
Q

What is different about the interosseous M in the ox?

A

interosseous Mm III + IV are fused

91
Q

(T/F) You can scan tendons on ultrasound.

A

True

92
Q

What bursa is on the cranial part of the greater trochanter deep to the middle gluteal tendon?

A

trochanteric bursa

93
Q

There are 2 calcanean bursae and one is between ____ and ____ and the other is between _____ and ____.

A

calcanean tendon + SDFT
calcanean tuber + SDFT

94
Q

Term for inflammation of bursae on the pelvic limb

A

capped hock

95
Q

The cunean bursa is between the cunean tendon and ________.

A

medial collateral lig

96
Q

What occurs with the reciprocal apparatus?

A

flexion of both hock + stifle in pelvic limb

97
Q

What two muscles cause the reciprocal apparatus?

A

fibularis tertius
SDF

98
Q

(T/F) The reciprocal apparatus is part of the stay apparatus.

A

True - keeps from collapse

99
Q

What occurs with an peroneus tertius rupture?

A

limb can be pulled straight back (as opposed to flexion of both hock + stifle w/ reciprocal apparatus)

100
Q

What occurs with a peroneus tertius rupture?

A

limb can be pulled straight back (as opposed to flexion of both hock + stifle w/ reciprocal apparatus)

101
Q

Explain the passive stay apparatus allows

A

allow horse to stand for long periods with minimal muscle effort

102
Q

Passive stay apparatus involves fixation of the _____ and _____.

A

stifle
hock

103
Q

What prevents overextension of fetlock? 4

A

sesamoidean ligaments
collateral ligaments
SDFT tenses (when weightbearing)
DDFT tension (check lig if present)

104
Q

Venous system of pelvic limb includes _______ and ______.

A

medial + lateral saphenous Vv

105
Q

If an artery or nerve has a bone as part of the name, that means what?

A

it lies on the bone

106
Q

Both cow and horse have cranial and caudal branches of the saphenous A, but in the cow, the caudal br branches into ________ and ______ Aa right away without additional branching.

A

medial + lateral plantar Aa

107
Q

What is different about the branching of the caudal branch of the saphenous A in the horse?

A

caudal tibial + caudal femoral Aa anastomose with the caudal branch = medial + lateral plantar Aa

108
Q

In the ruminant, the _____ branch of the medial plantar A becomes __________.

A

superficial branch
plantar common digital Aa III + III

109
Q

Term for when fly eggs get into open wound and cause maggots

A

cutaneous myiasis

110
Q

Radioisotope treatment for dysfunction of lymph drainage

A

nuclear lymphoscintigraphy

111
Q

2 causes of sciatic N injury

A
  1. iatrogenic (unintentional doctor cause)
  2. fracture
112
Q

Signs of paralysis of sciatic N

A
  1. dropped hip, stifle, hock
  2. fetlock knuckles (stand on dorsal part of fetlock)
113
Q

Lateral cutaneous sural N comes through __________ M (eq) or ________ M (ru).

A

biceps femoris
gluteobiceps

114
Q

The superficial fibular N goes to ________ M (ru) + _______.

A

fibularis longus M (ru)
lateral skin

115
Q

Which muscles does the deep fibular N go to?

A

long digital extensor
cranial tibial
fibularis tertius
skin

116
Q

Term for common fibular N injury

A

peroneal nerve injury

117
Q

“Down cow” by peroneal nerve injury symptoms (2)

A
  1. overextension of hock
  2. overflexion of fetlock + pastern
118
Q

What is between the medial and lateral plantar Nn of the horse?

A

communicating branch (eq)

119
Q

What nerve blocks can you do on the pelvic limb?

A

tibial N
common fibular N

120
Q

Perineural anesthesia involves _____ block which blocks the ____ and ____.

A

abaxial N
pastern + hoof

121
Q

Distal metatarsal nerve block will block the ______.

A

fetlock

122
Q

A high four point (nerve block) blocks _______.

A

distal metatarsal

123
Q

Muscle cramping can lead to _______ where muscle fibers start breaking down which leads to dark urine.

A

exertional rhabdomyolysis

124
Q

Term for spasmodic flexion of the pelvic limb where fetlock may hit the belly

A

stringhalt

125
Q

Treatment for unilateral stringhalt

A

myotenotomy of lateral digital extensor M

126
Q

What can cause bilateral stringhalt? Do you treat with surgery?

A

plant toxin
No!

127
Q

Specific neuromuscular disease in horses that is progressive and rare where they have difficulty holding up the hind limbs

A

equine shivers

128
Q

What it “tying up” in endurance horse

A

cramped muscles

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