Pelvic Limb (Exam 3) Flashcards
Most lameness occurs in the (thoracic/pelvic) limb digits.
thoracic
(T/F) The coxofemoral joint has two collateral ligaments.
False - NONE
Term for inflammation of ligament
desmitis
Term for cutting or division of ligaments
desmotomy
Term for surgical division of a tendon
myotenotomy
Term for fusion of a joint
arthrodesis
Term for medial deviation of the pelvic limb
tarsal varus
Term for lateral deviation of the pelvic limb
tarsal valgus
Chesnuts are the lay term for _______.
torus tarseus
What are chestnuts?
keratinized area on tarsal pad
What are chestnuts called in mules and donkeys?
night eyes
What is an ergot?
callous on plantar/palmar aspect of fetlock
Ergot is the lay term for _______.
calcar metatarseum
When taking limb radiographs in the horse and cow, you take ______ views for a total of _ radiographs.
oblique
4
In the coxofemoral joint, the ox has ___ ligament(s) and the horse has ___.
1
2
What only ligament is in the coxofemoral joint of the ox? What is significant?
ligament of the head of the femur
can “cow kick” = wide lateral swing
What ligaments are part of the coxofemoral joint of the horse?
- ligament of the head of the femur
- accessory ligament of the head of the femur
What is significant about the horse having an accessory ligament of the head of the femur in the coxofemoral joint?
restricts rotation & abduction (less wide swing than ox)
The greater trochanter is divided in _____ but not in _____.
horse
cattle
Which species has a prominent third trochanter? Which doesn’t have it?
horse
cow
Which muscles in the horse have well-developed vertebral heads?
caudolateral muscles (of the thigh)
Which muscle attaches to the supracondylar fossa of the femur?
superficial digital flexor M
Which animal has a major and minor adductor? In which animal are they fused?
horse
ox
Which muscles allow for rearing in the horse?
biceps femoris M
semitendinosus M
Patellar locking mechanism in the ______ is caused by the _______ on the trochlea of the femur which locks the stifle in place.
horse
medial ridge
What structure is the landmark for injecting medial femorotibial compartment for sport horse injections?
medial collateral ligament (of stifle)
The patella is a _______ bone.
sesamoid
There are __ patellar ligaments. List them.
3
1. intermediate (middle) patellar lig.
2. lateral patellar lig.
3. medial patellar lig.
What does the “passive stay apparatus” enable in horses?
can rest while standing up w/o much muscle use
Which patellar ligament is important for the passive stay apparatus in horses?
medial patellar ligament
The joint capsule of the stifle has a large joint space divided in compartments or _____. List them.
femoropatellar sac
lateral + medial sacs of femorotibial joint
The femoropatellar sac communicates with the medial femoropatellar sac in ___% of horses and ___% of cattle.
65%
100%
The medial and lateral femorotibial sacs communicate ___% in the horse and ___% in the ox.
<25%
0%
In horses, you must inject ___ sac(s) of the stifle joint capsule while in the ox, you need to inject ___.
3
2
3 muscles that flex the stifle joint
- triceps surae
- popliteus
- superficial digital flexor
4 muscles that extend the stifle joint
- quadriceps femoris
- biceps femoris
- semitendinosus
- semimembranosus
Upward fixation of the patella can occur when the _______ gets stuck over the ______.
medial patellar ligament
medial trochlear ridge
Treatment for upward fixation of the patella in younger horse? Older horse?
difficult to correct in younger horse (congential)
can exercise older horse, give injection, medial patellar desmotomy (cut as last resort)
Medial and lateral patellar luxation/subluxation are rare and due to what?
hypoplasia of trochlear ridges
In the horse, the distal remnant of the fibula is the __________.
lateral malleolus
In the ruminant: distally, the fibula comes the _________.
malleolar bone
What additional muscle of the crus of the pelvic limb does the ox have?
fibularis longus M
*In the horse, the cranial tibial tendon splits and the medial part is the _______.
cunean tendon
Where is the landmark for injection site into the hock in horses?
cunean tendon
What are the 4 tarsal joints from proximal to distal?
- tarsocrural joint (tibiotarsal)
- proximal intertarsal joint
- distal intertarsal joint
- tarsometatarsal joint
What 3 things make up the tarsocrural joint in the ox?
- tibial cochlea
- proximal trochlea of the talus
- malleolar bone
Which 2 things make up the tarsocrural joint of the horse?
- tibia
- talus
What structures cause spring-like flexion & extension of the tarsus joint in equine? *What’s its significance?
collateral ligaments
muscle energy saver
List the ligaments of the tarsus
- collateral
- dorsal tarsal
- plantar tarsal
- dorsal tarsometatarsal
- plantar tarsometatarsal
The plantar tarsometatarsal ligament in the tarsal joint becomes the _________ distally.
check ligament
Term for inflammation of long plantar ligament of superficial digital flexor tendon in horses
curb
A curb is inflammation of what structure in horses?
long plantar ligament OR SDFT
How many joint sacs are in the hock?
3
Which two joint sac communicates with what joint of the hock? Which two only sometimes communicate in horses?
tarsocrural sac + proximal intertarsal joint
distal intertarsal + tarsometatarsal sac
What 3 joints are used for intra-articular injections of tarsus?
tarsocrural joint
tarsometatarsal joint
distal intertarsal joint
Which two joints may you need to inject for intra-articular injections?
tarsometatarsal joint + distal intertarsal joint (may communicate, but inject both)
(T/F) It is normal to get fluid during an intra-articular joint injection but not normal to get nothing.
False - both normal
What is “spavin”? Main symptom and treatment?
problem with hock
lameness
injection
What occurs with a bone spavin?
osteoarthritis; osteofites with extra bone growth
Which joint is primarily affected by osteoarthritis?
distal intertarsal joint
Term for tarsocrural joint capsule effusion
bog
What is a “thoroughpin”?
effusion of tarsal sheath
What is “joint ill”?
neonates without colostrum causes bacterial infection in joints and arthritis
Term for freezing the area with liquid nitrogen to create inflammatory response to help with lameness
freeze firing
In the horse, metatarsal __ and __ are called the ______ bones.
2 + 4
splint
What is a “button” on a splint bone?
enlargement at tip (needs nerve block)
In horses, metatarsal 3 is called the _______.
cannon bone
Which two metatarsal bones are fused in the ox?
3 + 4
Metatarsal sesamoid bone in the ox articulates with the base of which metatarsal?
3
What another name for the check ligament?
accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor M
The check ligament is part of the __________.
stay apparatus
The distal sesamoid bone is also called the _________.
navicular bone
Ruminants and the pig have “dewclaws” or ______ which are digits ___ and ___.
paradigits
2 & 5
Iliac fascia binds to the _____ Mm.
psoas
Of the fascia lata, it has ______ which is deep to the skin and continues on the cranial part of the crus as _____________.
superficial lamina
superficial crural fascia
The fascia lata has a superficial and ______ lamina which continues as ___________.
deep
deep crural fascia
What fascia fuses with the biceps femoris and semitendinosus tendons? What tendon does it form?
proper (middle) fascia
intermediate tendon
Proper (middle) fascia gives rise to what in the ox vs. horse?
ox: 2 extensor, 1 flexor retinaculum
horse: 3 extensor, 1 flexor retinaculum
What 2 extensor retinacula are in the ox? Which additional one is in the horse?
- crural extensor
- metatarsal extensor
- tarsal extensor (HORSE ONLY)
Which 3 muscles does the crural extensor retinaculum contain?
- long digital extensor
- cranial tibial
- fibularis tertius
What muscle does the tarsal extensor retinaculum contain (horses)?
long digital extensor M
Which 2 muscles does the metatarsal extensor retinaculum contain?
long digital extensor
lateral digital extensor
What 2 muscles does the flexor retinaculum contain?
lateral digital flexor
caudal tibial
One cause of edema in limb that usually occurs in loose tissues beneath skin or muscle bundles
cellulitis
The common calcanean tendon is made of the combined tendons of what 4 muscles?
- triceps surae
- SDF
- biceps femoris
- semitendinosus
Condition in cattle <1 year old which contracts gastrocnemius M which uncontrollably extends the leg
bovine spastic paresis
Treatment of bovine spastic paresis
tibial neurectomy
desmotomy of gastroc + SDF tendons
What are the 2 muscles of the distal pelvic limb?
- interosseous medius M
- extensor digitalis brevis M
What is another name for the interosseous media M in horses?
suspensory ligament
What is different about the interosseous M in the ox?
interosseous Mm III + IV are fused
(T/F) You can scan tendons on ultrasound.
True
What bursa is on the cranial part of the greater trochanter deep to the middle gluteal tendon?
trochanteric bursa
There are 2 calcanean bursae and one is between ____ and ____ and the other is between _____ and ____.
calcanean tendon + SDFT
calcanean tuber + SDFT
Term for inflammation of bursae on the pelvic limb
capped hock
The cunean bursa is between the cunean tendon and ________.
medial collateral lig
What occurs with the reciprocal apparatus?
flexion of both hock + stifle in pelvic limb
What two muscles cause the reciprocal apparatus?
fibularis tertius
SDF
(T/F) The reciprocal apparatus is part of the stay apparatus.
True - keeps from collapse
What occurs with an peroneus tertius rupture?
limb can be pulled straight back (as opposed to flexion of both hock + stifle w/ reciprocal apparatus)
What occurs with a peroneus tertius rupture?
limb can be pulled straight back (as opposed to flexion of both hock + stifle w/ reciprocal apparatus)
Explain the passive stay apparatus allows
allow horse to stand for long periods with minimal muscle effort
Passive stay apparatus involves fixation of the _____ and _____.
stifle
hock
What prevents overextension of fetlock? 4
sesamoidean ligaments
collateral ligaments
SDFT tenses (when weightbearing)
DDFT tension (check lig if present)
Venous system of pelvic limb includes _______ and ______.
medial + lateral saphenous Vv
If an artery or nerve has a bone as part of the name, that means what?
it lies on the bone
Both cow and horse have cranial and caudal branches of the saphenous A, but in the cow, the caudal br branches into ________ and ______ Aa right away without additional branching.
medial + lateral plantar Aa
What is different about the branching of the caudal branch of the saphenous A in the horse?
caudal tibial + caudal femoral Aa anastomose with the caudal branch = medial + lateral plantar Aa
In the ruminant, the _____ branch of the medial plantar A becomes __________.
superficial branch
plantar common digital Aa III + III
Term for when fly eggs get into open wound and cause maggots
cutaneous myiasis
Radioisotope treatment for dysfunction of lymph drainage
nuclear lymphoscintigraphy
2 causes of sciatic N injury
- iatrogenic (unintentional doctor cause)
- fracture
Signs of paralysis of sciatic N
- dropped hip, stifle, hock
- fetlock knuckles (stand on dorsal part of fetlock)
Lateral cutaneous sural N comes through __________ M (eq) or ________ M (ru).
biceps femoris
gluteobiceps
The superficial fibular N goes to ________ M (ru) + _______.
fibularis longus M (ru)
lateral skin
Which muscles does the deep fibular N go to?
long digital extensor
cranial tibial
fibularis tertius
skin
Term for common fibular N injury
peroneal nerve injury
“Down cow” by peroneal nerve injury symptoms (2)
- overextension of hock
- overflexion of fetlock + pastern
What is between the medial and lateral plantar Nn of the horse?
communicating branch (eq)
What nerve blocks can you do on the pelvic limb?
tibial N
common fibular N
Perineural anesthesia involves _____ block which blocks the ____ and ____.
abaxial N
pastern + hoof
Distal metatarsal nerve block will block the ______.
fetlock
A high four point (nerve block) blocks _______.
distal metatarsal
Muscle cramping can lead to _______ where muscle fibers start breaking down which leads to dark urine.
exertional rhabdomyolysis
Term for spasmodic flexion of the pelvic limb where fetlock may hit the belly
stringhalt
Treatment for unilateral stringhalt
myotenotomy of lateral digital extensor M
What can cause bilateral stringhalt? Do you treat with surgery?
plant toxin
No!
Specific neuromuscular disease in horses that is progressive and rare where they have difficulty holding up the hind limbs
equine shivers
What it “tying up” in endurance horse
cramped muscles
