Pelvic Limb (Exam 3) Flashcards
1
Q
Most lameness occurs in the (thoracic/pelvic) limb digits.
A
thoracic
2
Q
(T/F) The coxofemoral joint has two collateral ligaments.
A
False - NONE
3
Q
Term for inflammation of ligament
A
desmitis
4
Q
Term for cutting or division of ligaments
A
desmotomy
5
Q
Term for surgical division of a tendon
A
myotenotomy
6
Q
Term for fusion of a joint
A
arthrodesis
7
Q
Term for medial deviation of the pelvic limb
A
tarsal varus
8
Q
Term for lateral deviation of the pelvic limb
A
tarsal valgus
9
Q
Chesnuts are the lay term for _______.
A
torus tarseus
10
Q
What are chestnuts?
A
keratinized area on tarsal pad
11
Q
What are chestnuts called in mules and donkeys?
A
night eyes
12
Q
What is an ergot?
A
callous on plantar/palmar aspect of fetlock
13
Q
Ergot is the lay term for _______.
A
calcar metatarseum
14
Q
When taking limb radiographs in the horse and cow, you take ______ views for a total of _ radiographs.
A
oblique
4
15
Q
In the coxofemoral joint, the ox has ___ ligament(s) and the horse has ___.
A
1
2
16
Q
What only ligament is in the coxofemoral joint of the ox? What is significant?
A
ligament of the head of the femur
can “cow kick” = wide lateral swing
17
Q
What ligaments are part of the coxofemoral joint of the horse?
A
- ligament of the head of the femur
- accessory ligament of the head of the femur
18
Q
What is significant about the horse having an accessory ligament of the head of the femur in the coxofemoral joint?
A
restricts rotation & abduction (less wide swing than ox)
19
Q
The greater trochanter is divided in _____ but not in _____.
A
horse
cattle
20
Q
Which species has a prominent third trochanter? Which doesn’t have it?
A
horse
cow
21
Q
Which muscles in the horse have well-developed vertebral heads?
A
caudolateral muscles (of the thigh)
22
Q
Which muscle attaches to the supracondylar fossa of the femur?
A
superficial digital flexor M
23
Q
Which animal has a major and minor adductor? In which animal are they fused?
A
horse
ox
24
Q
Which muscles allow for rearing in the horse?
A
biceps femoris M
semitendinosus M
25
Patellar locking mechanism in the ______ is caused by the _______ on the trochlea of the femur which locks the stifle in place.
horse
medial ridge
26
What structure is the landmark for injecting medial femorotibial compartment for sport horse injections?
medial collateral ligament (of stifle)
27
The patella is a _______ bone.
sesamoid
28
There are __ patellar ligaments. List them.
3
1. intermediate (middle) patellar lig.
2. lateral patellar lig.
3. medial patellar lig.
29
What does the "passive stay apparatus" enable in horses?
can rest while standing up w/o much muscle use
30
Which patellar ligament is important for the passive stay apparatus in horses?
medial patellar ligament
31
The joint capsule of the stifle has a large joint space divided in compartments or _____. List them.
femoropatellar sac
lateral + medial sacs of femorotibial joint
32
The femoropatellar sac communicates with the medial femoropatellar sac in ___% of horses and ___% of cattle.
65%
100%
33
The medial and lateral femorotibial sacs communicate ___% in the horse and ___% in the ox.
<25%
0%
34
In horses, you must inject ___ sac(s) of the stifle joint capsule while in the ox, you need to inject ___.
3
2
35
3 muscles that flex the stifle joint
1. triceps surae
2. popliteus
3. superficial digital flexor
36
4 muscles that extend the stifle joint
1. quadriceps femoris
2. biceps femoris
3. semitendinosus
4. semimembranosus
37
Upward fixation of the patella can occur when the _______ gets stuck over the ______.
medial patellar ligament
medial trochlear ridge
38
Treatment for upward fixation of the patella in younger horse? Older horse?
difficult to correct in younger horse (congential)
can exercise older horse, give injection, medial patellar desmotomy (cut as last resort)
39
Medial and lateral patellar luxation/subluxation are rare and due to what?
hypoplasia of trochlear ridges
40
In the horse, the distal remnant of the fibula is the __________.
lateral malleolus
41
In the ruminant: distally, the fibula comes the _________.
malleolar bone
42
What additional muscle of the crus of the pelvic limb does the ox have?
fibularis longus M
43
*In the horse, the cranial tibial tendon splits and the medial part is the _______.
cunean tendon
44
Where is the landmark for injection site into the hock in horses?
cunean tendon
45
What are the 4 tarsal joints from proximal to distal?
1. tarsocrural joint (tibiotarsal)
2. proximal intertarsal joint
3. distal intertarsal joint
4. tarsometatarsal joint
46
What 3 things make up the tarsocrural joint in the ox?
1. tibial cochlea
2. proximal trochlea of the talus
3. malleolar bone
47
Which 2 things make up the tarsocrural joint of the horse?
1. tibia
2. talus
48
What structures cause spring-like flexion & extension of the tarsus joint in equine? *What's its significance?
collateral ligaments
muscle energy saver
49
List the ligaments of the tarsus
1. collateral
2. dorsal tarsal
3. plantar tarsal
4. dorsal tarsometatarsal
5. plantar tarsometatarsal
50
The plantar tarsometatarsal ligament in the tarsal joint becomes the _________ distally.
check ligament
51
Term for inflammation of long plantar ligament of superficial digital flexor tendon in horses
curb
52
A curb is inflammation of what structure in horses?
long plantar ligament OR SDFT
53
How many joint sacs are in the hock?
3
54
Which two joint sac communicates with what joint of the hock? Which two only sometimes communicate in horses?
tarsocrural sac + proximal intertarsal joint
distal intertarsal + tarsometatarsal sac
55
What 3 joints are used for intra-articular injections of tarsus?
tarsocrural joint
tarsometatarsal joint
distal intertarsal joint
56
Which two joints may you need to inject for intra-articular injections?
tarsometatarsal joint + distal intertarsal joint (may communicate, but inject both)
57
(T/F) It is normal to get fluid during an intra-articular joint injection but not normal to get nothing.
False - both normal
58
What is "spavin"? Main symptom and treatment?
problem with hock
lameness
injection
59
What occurs with a bone spavin?
osteoarthritis; osteofites with extra bone growth
60
Which joint is primarily affected by osteoarthritis?
distal intertarsal joint
61
Term for tarsocrural joint capsule effusion
bog
62
What is a "thoroughpin"?
effusion of tarsal sheath
63
What is "joint ill"?
neonates without colostrum causes bacterial infection in joints and arthritis
64
Term for freezing the area with liquid nitrogen to create inflammatory response to help with lameness
freeze firing
65
In the horse, metatarsal __ and __ are called the ______ bones.
2 + 4
splint
66
What is a "button" on a splint bone?
enlargement at tip (needs nerve block)
67
In horses, metatarsal 3 is called the _______.
cannon bone
68
Which two metatarsal bones are fused in the ox?
3 + 4
69
Metatarsal sesamoid bone in the ox articulates with the base of which metatarsal?
3
70
What another name for the check ligament?
accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor M
71
The check ligament is part of the __________.
stay apparatus
72
The distal sesamoid bone is also called the _________.
navicular bone
73
Ruminants and the pig have "dewclaws" or ______ which are digits ___ and ___.
paradigits
2 & 5
74
Iliac fascia binds to the _____ Mm.
psoas
75
Of the fascia lata, it has ______ which is deep to the skin and continues on the cranial part of the crus as _____________.
superficial lamina
superficial crural fascia
76
The fascia lata has a superficial and ______ lamina which continues as ___________.
deep
deep crural fascia
77
What fascia fuses with the biceps femoris and semitendinosus tendons? What tendon does it form?
proper (middle) fascia
intermediate tendon
78
Proper (middle) fascia gives rise to what in the ox vs. horse?
ox: 2 extensor, 1 flexor retinaculum
horse: 3 extensor, 1 flexor retinaculum
79
What 2 extensor retinacula are in the ox? Which additional one is in the horse?
1. crural extensor
2. metatarsal extensor
3. tarsal extensor (HORSE ONLY)
80
Which 3 muscles does the crural extensor retinaculum contain?
1. long digital extensor
2. cranial tibial
3. fibularis tertius
81
What muscle does the tarsal extensor retinaculum contain (horses)?
long digital extensor M
82
Which 2 muscles does the metatarsal extensor retinaculum contain?
long digital extensor
lateral digital extensor
83
What 2 muscles does the flexor retinaculum contain?
lateral digital flexor
caudal tibial
84
One cause of edema in limb that usually occurs in loose tissues beneath skin or muscle bundles
cellulitis
85
The common calcanean tendon is made of the combined tendons of what 4 muscles?
1. triceps surae
2. SDF
3. biceps femoris
4. semitendinosus
86
Condition in cattle <1 year old which contracts gastrocnemius M which uncontrollably extends the leg
bovine spastic paresis
87
Treatment of bovine spastic paresis
tibial neurectomy
desmotomy of gastroc + SDF tendons
88
What are the 2 muscles of the distal pelvic limb?
1. interosseous medius M
2. extensor digitalis brevis M
89
What is another name for the interosseous media M in horses?
suspensory ligament
90
What is different about the interosseous M in the ox?
interosseous Mm III + IV are fused
91
(T/F) You can scan tendons on ultrasound.
True
92
What bursa is on the cranial part of the greater trochanter deep to the middle gluteal tendon?
trochanteric bursa
93
There are 2 calcanean bursae and one is between ____ and ____ and the other is between _____ and ____.
calcanean tendon + SDFT
calcanean tuber + SDFT
94
Term for inflammation of bursae on the pelvic limb
capped hock
95
The cunean bursa is between the cunean tendon and ________.
medial collateral lig
96
What occurs with the reciprocal apparatus?
flexion of both hock + stifle in pelvic limb
97
What two muscles cause the reciprocal apparatus?
fibularis tertius
SDF
98
(T/F) The reciprocal apparatus is part of the stay apparatus.
True - keeps from collapse
99
What occurs with an peroneus tertius rupture?
limb can be pulled straight back (as opposed to flexion of both hock + stifle w/ reciprocal apparatus)
100
What occurs with a peroneus tertius rupture?
limb can be pulled straight back (as opposed to flexion of both hock + stifle w/ reciprocal apparatus)
101
Explain the passive stay apparatus allows
allow horse to stand for long periods with minimal muscle effort
102
Passive stay apparatus involves fixation of the _____ and _____.
stifle
hock
103
What prevents overextension of fetlock? 4
sesamoidean ligaments
collateral ligaments
SDFT tenses (when weightbearing)
DDFT tension (check lig if present)
104
Venous system of pelvic limb includes _______ and ______.
medial + lateral saphenous Vv
105
If an artery or nerve has a bone as part of the name, that means what?
it lies on the bone
106
Both cow and horse have cranial and caudal branches of the saphenous A, but in the cow, the caudal br branches into ________ and ______ Aa right away without additional branching.
medial + lateral plantar Aa
107
What is different about the branching of the caudal branch of the saphenous A in the horse?
caudal tibial + caudal femoral Aa anastomose with the caudal branch = medial + lateral plantar Aa
108
In the ruminant, the _____ branch of the medial plantar A becomes __________.
superficial branch
plantar common digital Aa III + III
109
Term for when fly eggs get into open wound and cause maggots
cutaneous myiasis
110
Radioisotope treatment for dysfunction of lymph drainage
nuclear lymphoscintigraphy
111
2 causes of sciatic N injury
1. iatrogenic (unintentional doctor cause)
2. fracture
112
Signs of paralysis of sciatic N
1. dropped hip, stifle, hock
2. fetlock knuckles (stand on dorsal part of fetlock)
113
Lateral cutaneous sural N comes through __________ M (eq) or ________ M (ru).
biceps femoris
gluteobiceps
114
The superficial fibular N goes to ________ M (ru) + _______.
fibularis longus M (ru)
lateral skin
115
Which muscles does the deep fibular N go to?
long digital extensor
cranial tibial
fibularis tertius
skin
116
Term for common fibular N injury
peroneal nerve injury
117
"Down cow" by peroneal nerve injury symptoms (2)
1. overextension of hock
2. overflexion of fetlock + pastern
118
What is between the medial and lateral plantar Nn of the horse?
communicating branch (eq)
119
What nerve blocks can you do on the pelvic limb?
tibial N
common fibular N
120
Perineural anesthesia involves _____ block which blocks the ____ and ____.
abaxial N
pastern + hoof
121
Distal metatarsal nerve block will block the ______.
fetlock
122
A high four point (nerve block) blocks _______.
distal metatarsal
123
Muscle cramping can lead to _______ where muscle fibers start breaking down which leads to dark urine.
exertional rhabdomyolysis
124
Term for spasmodic flexion of the pelvic limb where fetlock may hit the belly
stringhalt
125
Treatment for unilateral stringhalt
myotenotomy of lateral digital extensor M
126
What can cause bilateral stringhalt? Do you treat with surgery?
plant toxin
No!
127
Specific neuromuscular disease in horses that is progressive and rare where they have difficulty holding up the hind limbs
equine shivers
128
What it "tying up" in endurance horse
cramped muscles
