Perineum & Pelvis (Exam 3)

Question 1

Portion of body wall covering the pelvic outlet (or caudal pelvic aperture)

Answer 1

perineum

Question 2

The perineal body in the male is between ______ and _____.

Answer 2

anal canal
bulb of penis

Question 3

The perineal body in the female is between ______ and ______.

Answer 3

anus
vulva

Question 4

Match which structure is present in each boundary of the perineal region:

dorsal
lateral
ventral (male & female)

Answer 4

dorsal: base of tail
lateral: semimembranosus Mm
ventral: female- caudal attach. of udder
male- caudal attach. of scrotum

Question 5

You want ___% of the vulva ventral to the ischiatic arch.

Answer 5

80%

Question 6

What is the problem with poor conformation of the vulva?

Answer 6

infertility problems

Question 7

How do you treat poor vulvar conformation?

Answer 7

vulvoplasty (Caslick’s procedure)

Question 8

_____ of the clitoris during urination indicates that the mare is in heat.

Answer 8

“winking”

Question 9

Match the structures located with the boundaries of the ischiorectal fossa:

medial
lateral
ventral

Answer 9

medial: pelvic diaphragm
lateral: sacrosciatic ligament
ventral: obturator fascia

Question 10

(T/F) The cow and the mare seem rather unbothered when they have a vaginal or uterine prolapse.

Answer 10

False:
cow- unbothered
mare- frantic

Question 11

How do you treat a vaginal/uterine prolapse?

Answer 11

buhner needle + umbilical tape

Question 12

How do you treat a vaginal/uterine prolapse?

Answer 12

Buhner needle + umbilical tape

Question 13

What is urine scalding? What causes it?

Answer 13

continuous urination burns skin
cause: urolith in bladder

Question 14

What is the salvage procedure used in the goat if it recurrently strains when urinating?

Answer 14

perineal urethrostomy

Question 15

What block is done to locally anesthetize the anus, perineum, vulva, and vagina?

Answer 15

caudal epidural block

Question 16

For epidural injections, the distal cutaneous branches of the pudendal N can be blocked by injecting where?

Answer 16

sacrococcygeus joint

Question 17

Melanomas are common in ______ and most are (benign/malignant).

Answer 17

grey horses
benign

Question 18

Term for soft, cartilaginous tissue on feet during birth that protects mother during birth

Answer 18

eponychium

Question 19

In cattle, what are considered pins? Hooks?

Answer 19

pins: ischiatic tuberosities
hooks: tuber coxae

Question 20

Order of the 4 spaces in the perioneal cavity

Answer 20

1. pararectal fossa
2. rectogenital pouch
3. vesicogenital pouch
4. pubovesical pouch

Question 21

Which peritoneal pouch is between rectum & genital fold (male) or between rectum & uterus (female)?

Answer 21

rectogenital pouch

Question 22

Which peritoneal pouch is between the urinary bladder & genital fold (male) or between urinary bladder & uterus (female)?

Answer 22

vesicogenital pouch

Question 23

Which peritoneal pouch is ventral to the urinary bladder?

Answer 23

pubovesical pouch

Question 24

What 3 things does the pelvis include?

Answer 24

sacrum
ossa coxarum
caudal vertebra 1

Question 25

Term for widest horizontal point

Answer 25

transverse diameter

Question 26

Term for cranial aspect of pelvic symphysis to dorsal wall of pelvic cavity

Answer 26

vertical diameter

Question 27

Does the mare or cow have more problems with dystocia? Why?

Answer 27

cow (smaller pelvic diameter)

Question 28

The sacrum in the horse and ox is made of __ fused bones.

Answer 28

5

Question 29

What are "hunter's bumps"?

Answer 29

calcification of tuber sacrale due to hunting and jumping activities

Question 30

Term for knocked down hip in horses

Answer 30

hooks

Question 31

What causes "hooks" in horses?

Answer 31

healing after fracture of tuber coxae

Question 32

What structure is significant in calving/foaling and helps with parturition?

Answer 32

prepubic tendon

Question 33

The prepubic tendon is the from __________ M to the ______ of the pubic bone.

Answer 33

rectus abdominis pecten

Question 34

What tendon spans from the pelvic symphysis to the pectineus M?

Answer 34

symphyseal tendon

Question 35

If ______ ruptures, the ability to push with the abdominal muscles during birth is lost.

Answer 35

prepubic tendon

Question 36

What attaches the lateral crest of the sacrum to the ilium and ischium?

Answer 36

sacrosciatic ligament

Question 37

What structure(s) pass through the greater ischiatic foramen?

Answer 37

cranial gluteal vessels sciatic, cranial/caudal gluteal, caudal cutaneous femoral Nn

Question 38

What structure(s) pass through the lesser ischiatic foramen?

Answer 38

caudal gluteal A, V

Question 39

What structure(s) pass through the obturator foramen?

Answer 39

obturator N

Question 40

In calving paralysis, the cow has calved and cannot get up, possibly from the pressure on what?

Answer 40

obturator N

Question 41

In ruminants, the superficial gluteal M is fused with the biceps femoris M, which forms _______.

Answer 41

gluteobiceps M

Question 42

What species do not have an internal obturator M?

Answer 42

ruminants (has intrapelvic part of external obturator)

Question 43

Match the plexus to what it supplies: 1. cranial + medial Mm of thigh and skin on medial aspect of thigh, crus, tarsus, metatarsus 2. caudal Mm of thigh, entire crus, pes, and corresponding skin 3. parasympathetic + sympathetic Nn of pelvis

Answer 43

1. lumbar plexus 2. lumbosacral plexus 3. pelvic plexus

Question 44

List 3 causes/predispositions to back problems in horses

Answer 44

1. saddle fit 2. muscle strain 3. osteoarthritis

Question 45

What 3 symptoms result from thoracolumbar joint dysfunction

Answer 45

1. restricted joint motion 2. localized pain/inflamm. 3. paraspinal muscle hypertonicity (abnormal)

Question 46

What is a "kissing spine" in horses?

Answer 46

skeletal abnormality; bony growths on spinous processes touch

Question 47

Injecting alcohol to deaden nerves so a horse's tail doesn't move is unethical and can cause damage to ______.

Answer 47

cauda equina (and may never move normally)

Question 48

Cerebrospinal fluid can be collected in a standing horse through ________.

Answer 48

lumbosacral junction

Question 49

What can collecting CSF from a horse test for?

Answer 49

EPM (equine protozoal myoencephalitis)

Question 50

There are __ degrees of severity for equine rectal tears and cause what problem with clients?

Answer 50

4 malpractice claims

Question 51

Periparturient paresis/paralysis can be caused by damage to what 2 nerves?

Answer 51

obturator N or intrapelvic sciatic N

Question 52

4 causes of periparturient paresis/paralysis

Answer 52

1. injury to obturator N 2. injury to sciatic N 3. adductor M trauma 4. ischemia