Osteology (Exam 1 & 2) Flashcards
Bones of neck, thorax, and abdomen belong to the _____ skeleton.
Axial
Axial Skeleton consists of what 4 parts?
skull
vertebral column
ribs
sternum
The thoracic vertebrae, ribs, and sternum collectively form the _____ skeleton.
thoracic
Horse Vertebral Formula
C7 | T18 | L6 | S5 | Cd 15-21
Ox Vertebral Formula
C7 | T13 | L6 | S5 | Cd 18-20
Sheep & Goat Vertebral Formula
C7 | T13 | L6-7 | S4 | Cd 16-18
Pig Vertebral Formula
C7 | T14 | L6-7 | S4 | Cd 20-23
Dog & Cat Vertebral Formula
C7 | T13 | L7 | S3 | Cd 20-24
Term for rounded, cranial end of vertebral body. (2 names)
Cranial extremity (vertebral head)
Term for caudal end of the vertebral body; contains depression. (2)
caudal extremity (vertebral fossa)
Term for the ventral, longitudinal ridge on the body of cervical (ex. atlas), cranial, caudal thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae.
ventral crest
Term for dorsal part that forms the vertebral foramen (along with vertebral body).
vertebral arch
Term for part of vertebral arch that attaches to vertebral body; one on each side.
Pedicle
Term that forms roof of the vertebral arch.
lamina
Dorsal space between vertebral arches of articulated vertebrae. Involved in regional anesthesia through it.
Interarcuate space
What spans the interarcuate spaces?
ligamenta flava (elastic yellow ligaments)
What two locations is local anesthesia injected in through the interarcuate space?
epidural cavity (epidural anesthesia)
subarachnoid space (spinal anesthesia)
When vertebrae are articulated, the cranial & caudal vertebral notches form _______ for passage of ______.
intervertebral foramina
spinal nerves
(T/F) Lateral vertebral foramina are always present in the atlas & axis but not always present in typical vertebra.
True
The (dorsal/ventral) tubercle of the transverse process of the _____ vertebra is called ______.
ventral tubercle
C6
ventral lamina
(T/F) The atlas has a vertebral body.
False - absent
The lateral vertebral foramen of the ATLAS transmits _______ which divides into ______.
cervical spinal N
dorsal & ventral branches
The alar foramen of the atlas transmits ____ in ungulates.
ventral branch of the first cervical spinal nerve
Instead of an alar foramen in the atlas, carnivores have ______.
alar notch
Cranial articular foveae of the atlas articulate with ______.
occipital condyles of the skull
Caudal articular foveae of the atlas articulate with ________.
cranial articular processes of axis
Which muscles attach the ventral tubercle of the atlas?
longus colli
rectus capitis ventralis
Which muscles attach to the dorsal tubercle of the atlas?
rectus capitis dorsalis minor
_______ is absent in the atlas of ruminants and may be absent in the pig.
transverse foramen
The lateral vertebral foramen of the AXIS transmits _____.
second cervical spinal nerve
Instead of the lateral vertebral foramen, carnivores have ______ in the axis.
cranial vertebral notch
What serves as a radiographic landmark and is poorly developed in the horse?
ventral lamina of cervical vertebrae
Term for depressions in vertebral body of C7.
caudal costal foveae
______ is absent in C7.
transverse foramen
______ in thoracic vertebrae articulate with the head of the ribs.
cranial & caudal costal foveae
____ in thoracic vertebrae articulate with the tubercle of the rib.
costal fovea of the transverse process
Term for first vertebra in the caudal thoracic or lumbar region whose spinous process is perpendicular to the body.
anticlincal vertebra
Mamillary processes are for attachment to ________.
epaxial muscles
Which vertebrae do not have mamillary processes?
all cervical vertebrae
first few thoracic vertebrae
(T/F) Thoracic vertebrae may or may not have lateral vertebral foramina.
True
In lumbar vertebrae _______ are located on the cranial articular processes.
mamillary processes
(T/F) Lumbar vertebrae always have lateral vertebral foramina.
False - variable
What 3 things does the thoracic skeleton consist of?
thoracic vertebrae
ribs
sternum
Cranial opening of the thoracic cavity is called _____. (2 terms)
thoracic inlet
cranial thoracic aperture
4 boundaries of thoracic inlet
manubrium
sternum
first pair of ribs
first thoracic vertebrae
Number of sternebrae by species:
Dog/Cat
Horse/Ox/Sheep
Goat/Pig
8
7
6
Term for dorsal bony part of rib
os costale
Horse & Ox have __ sternal ribs on each side.
8
(T/F) Floating ribs are normally present in domestic animals.
False - only dogs
Head of the ribs articulates with ______.
cranial costal fovea of thoracic vertebra and caudal costal fovea of preceding vertebra
The tubercle of the ribs articulates with ______.
costal fovea of transverse process of thoracic vertebra
Term for structure formed by costal cartilages of last sternal rib and asternal ribs.
costal arch
