Osteology (Exam 1 & 2)

Question 1

Bones of neck, thorax, and abdomen belong to the _____ skeleton.

Answer 1

Axial

Question 2

Axial Skeleton consists of what 4 parts?

Answer 2

skull
vertebral column
ribs
sternum

Question 3

The thoracic vertebrae, ribs, and sternum collectively form the _____ skeleton.

Answer 3

thoracic

Question 4

Horse Vertebral Formula

Answer 4

C7 | T18 | L6 | S5 | Cd 15-21

Question 5

Ox Vertebral Formula

Answer 5

C7 | T13 | L6 | S5 | Cd 18-20

Question 6

Sheep & Goat Vertebral Formula

Answer 6

C7 | T13 | L6-7 | S4 | Cd 16-18

Question 7

Pig Vertebral Formula

Answer 7

C7 | T14 | L6-7 | S4 | Cd 20-23

Question 8

Dog & Cat Vertebral Formula

Answer 8

C7 | T13 | L7 | S3 | Cd 20-24

Question 9

Term for rounded, cranial end of vertebral body. (2 names)

Answer 9

Cranial extremity (vertebral head)

Question 10

Term for caudal end of the vertebral body; contains depression. (2)

Answer 10

caudal extremity (vertebral fossa)

Question 11

Term for the ventral, longitudinal ridge on the body of cervical (ex. atlas), cranial, caudal thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae.

Answer 11

ventral crest

Question 12

Term for dorsal part that forms the vertebral foramen (along with vertebral body).

Answer 12

vertebral arch

Question 13

Term for part of vertebral arch that attaches to vertebral body; one on each side.

Answer 13

Pedicle

Question 14

Term that forms roof of the vertebral arch.

Answer 14

lamina

Question 15

Dorsal space between vertebral arches of articulated vertebrae. Involved in regional anesthesia through it.

Answer 15

Interarcuate space

Question 16

What spans the interarcuate spaces?

Answer 16

ligamenta flava (elastic yellow ligaments)

Question 17

What two locations is local anesthesia injected in through the interarcuate space?

Answer 17

epidural cavity (epidural anesthesia)
subarachnoid space (spinal anesthesia)

Question 18

When vertebrae are articulated, the cranial & caudal vertebral notches form _______ for passage of ______.

Answer 18

intervertebral foramina
spinal nerves

Question 19

(T/F) Lateral vertebral foramina are always present in the atlas & axis but not always present in typical vertebra.

Answer 19

True

Question 20

The (dorsal/ventral) tubercle of the transverse process of the _____ vertebra is called ______.

Answer 20

ventral tubercle
C6
ventral lamina

Question 21

(T/F) The atlas has a vertebral body.

Answer 21

False - absent

Question 22

The lateral vertebral foramen of the ATLAS transmits _______ which divides into ______.

Answer 22

cervical spinal N
dorsal & ventral branches

Question 23

The alar foramen of the atlas transmits ____ in ungulates.

Answer 23

ventral branch of the first cervical spinal nerve

Question 24

Instead of an alar foramen in the atlas, carnivores have ______.

Answer 24

alar notch

Question 25

Cranial articular foveae of the atlas articulate with ______.

Answer 25

occipital condyles of the skull

Question 26

Caudal articular foveae of the atlas articulate with ________.

Answer 26

cranial articular processes of axis

Question 27

Which muscles attach the ventral tubercle of the atlas?

Answer 27

longus colli rectus capitis ventralis

Question 28

Which muscles attach to the dorsal tubercle of the atlas?

Answer 28

rectus capitis dorsalis minor

Question 29

_______ is absent in the atlas of ruminants and may be absent in the pig.

Answer 29

transverse foramen

Question 30

The lateral vertebral foramen of the AXIS transmits _____.

Answer 30

second cervical spinal nerve

Question 31

Instead of the lateral vertebral foramen, carnivores have ______ in the axis.

Answer 31

cranial vertebral notch

Question 32

What serves as a radiographic landmark and is poorly developed in the horse?

Answer 32

ventral lamina of cervical vertebrae

Question 33

Term for depressions in vertebral body of C7.

Answer 33

caudal costal foveae

Question 34

______ is absent in C7.

Answer 34

transverse foramen

Question 35

______ in thoracic vertebrae articulate with the head of the ribs.

Answer 35

cranial & caudal costal foveae

Question 36

____ in thoracic vertebrae articulate with the tubercle of the rib.

Answer 36

costal fovea of the transverse process

Question 37

Term for first vertebra in the caudal thoracic or lumbar region whose spinous process is perpendicular to the body.

Answer 37

anticlincal vertebra

Question 38

Mamillary processes are for attachment to ________.

Answer 38

epaxial muscles

Question 39

Which vertebrae do not have mamillary processes?

Answer 39

all cervical vertebrae first few thoracic vertebrae

Question 40

(T/F) Thoracic vertebrae may or may not have lateral vertebral foramina.

Answer 40

True

Question 41

In lumbar vertebrae _______ are located on the cranial articular processes.

Answer 41

mamillary processes

Question 42

(T/F) Lumbar vertebrae always have lateral vertebral foramina.

Answer 42

False - variable

Question 43

What 3 things does the thoracic skeleton consist of?

Answer 43

thoracic vertebrae ribs sternum

Question 44

Cranial opening of the thoracic cavity is called _____. (2 terms)

Answer 44

thoracic inlet cranial thoracic aperture

Question 45

4 boundaries of thoracic inlet

Answer 45

manubrium sternum first pair of ribs first thoracic vertebrae

Question 46

Number of sternebrae by species: Dog/Cat Horse/Ox/Sheep Goat/Pig

Answer 46

8 7 6

Question 47

Term for dorsal bony part of rib

Answer 47

os costale

Question 48

Horse & Ox have __ sternal ribs on each side.

Answer 48

8

Question 49

(T/F) Floating ribs are normally present in domestic animals.

Answer 49

False - only dogs

Question 50

Head of the ribs articulates with ______.

Answer 50

cranial costal fovea of thoracic vertebra and caudal costal fovea of preceding vertebra

Question 51

The tubercle of the ribs articulates with ______.

Answer 51

costal fovea of transverse process of thoracic vertebra

Question 52

Term for structure formed by costal cartilages of last sternal rib and asternal ribs.

Answer 52

costal arch