The Neck (Exam 1) Flashcards
What is the only palpable cervical vertebra?
Atlas
On either side of the median pectoral sulcus are the ______ Mm.
descending pectoral Mm
What vein drains blood from the thoracic limb? What groove is in within?
Cephalic V
lateral pectoral groove
What two vessels are in the lateral pectoral groove? Which is deep and prone to injury?
cephalic V
deltoid branch of superficial cervical A
What vessel is contained in the jugular groove?
external jugular V
The dorsal boundary of the jugular groove contains parts of the ______ M.
cleidocephalicus M (of brachiocephalicus)
The ventral boundary of the jugular groove contains parts of the ______ M.
sternocephalicus M
The caudal part of the jugular groove contains _______ M.
cutaneous colli M
Origin & insertion of Cutaneous colli M
origin: manubrium of sternum
insert: cervical fascia
(T/F) Cutaneous colli M is present in the ox.
False - only horse (jug more exposed)
Cutaneous branches of spinal nerves are (sensory/motor/mixed).
sensory
There are two rows of cutaneous branches of spinal Nn called ______ and ______.
dorsal cutaneous branch
ventral cutaneous branch
The dorsal cutaneous branch of the cutaneous branch of spinal nerves arises from _______.
dorsal spinal N branch
The ventral cutaneous branch of the cutaneous branch of spinal nerves arises from ______.
ventral spinal N branch
Which two nerves come from the ventral cutaneous branch of cervical spinal nerve 2?
great auricular N
transverse cervical N
Great auricular N is (sensory/motor/mixed).
sensory
Transverse cervical N is (sensory/motor/mixed)
sensory
Great auricular N is sensory to ______.
skin of external ear
Transverse cervical N is sensory to ______.
larynx/throat
The cervical branch of the facial N is (sensory/motor/mixed).
motor
Cervical branch of facial N provides motor innervation to ______ and _____ Mm.
cutaneous colli M
parotidauricularis M
The accessory N is (more/less) exposed in the horse, and (more/less) exposed in the ox.
more
less
The accessory N emerges from _____ and splits into _____ and _____.
jugular foramen
dorsal + ventral branch
Accessory N is (sensory/motor/mixed).
motor
What 3 muscles does the dorsal branch of the accessory N innervate?
cleidocephalicus M
omotransversarius M
trapezius M
What muscle does the ventral branch of the accessory N innervate?
sternocephalicus M
What are the two parts of the brachiocephalicus M?
cleidocephalicus M
cleidobrachialis M
What part of the cleidocephalicus M is present in all domestic mammals?
cleidomastoideus M
Cleidomastoideus M origin & insertion
origin: clavicle
insert: mastoid process of skull
(T/F) The horse only has the cleidomastoideus part of the cleidocephalicus M.
True
What additional part of the cleidocephalicus M do ruminants/pig have?
cleidooccipitalis M
What additional part of the cleidocephalicus M do dogs/cats have?
cleidocervicalis M
What vein is near the cleidobrachialis M?
cephalic V
What innervates the cleidocephalicus M?
dorsal branch of accessory N
What innervates the cleidobrachialis M?
axillary N
What part of the sternocephalicus M do all domestic mammals have minus the horse?
sternomastoideus M
What part of the sternocephalicus do the horse/ox/goat have?
sternomandibularis M
What part of the sternocephalicus M do the dog/cat have?
sternooccipitalis M
What innervates all parts of the sternocephalicus M?
ventral branch of accessory N
Sternomandibularis M origin & insertion
origin: manubrium
insert: mandible
Sternomastoideus M origin & insertion
origin: manubrium
insert: mastoid process
Omotransversarius origin & insertion in dog/cat
origin: spine of scapula
insert: wing of atlas
Omotransversarius M origin & insertion in ox
origin: fascia of scapular spine
insert: wing of atlas & transverse processes of vertebrae
In the horse, the omotransversarius M fuses with _____, and is so named ________.
cleidomastoideus M
cleidotransversarius M
Cleidotransversarius in horse origin & insertion
origin: fascia of brachium
insert: wing of atlas & transverse processes of cervical vertebrae
Which two hyoid muscles originate together? Where?
sternohyoideus
sternothyroideus
origin: manibrium
Where does sternothyroideus M insert?
thyroid cartilage of larynx (deviates laterally)
What additional hyoid muscle is in the horse & ox?
omohyoideus M
Origin & insertion of omohyoideus M of the ox?
origin: cervical fascia
insert: hyoid apparatus
Origin & insertion of omohyoideus M of the horse?
origin: shoulder fascia
insert: hyoid apparatus
The nuchal ligament is a cranial continuation of the ______ ligament.
supraspinous
What are the 2 parts of the nuchal ligament?
funiculus nuchae
lamina nuchae
Where does the funiculus nuchae attach?
occipital bone
Where does the lamina nuchae attach?
spinous processes of cervical vertebrae except atlas
Bursa is an enclosed structure lined by _____ cells to produce _____ for cushioning.
synovial
synovial fluid
What 3 bursae are present within the nuchal ligament?
cranial nuchal (atlantal) bursa
caudal nuchal bursa
supraspinous bursa
Where is the cranial nuchal bursa located?
between funiculus nuchae
Where is the caudal nuchal bursa?
between funiculus nuchae & lamina nuchae
Where is the supraspinous bursa?
over spinous processes of first few T vertebrae
Atlantal bursitis (poll evil)
swelling of cranial/caudal nuchal bursae
treated w/ antibiotics & drain pus
Supraspinous bursitis (fistulous withers)
swelling of supraspinous bursa
creates fistula (abnormal connection between skin & lining of synovial cells)
The thymus of the horse/dog/cat has two lobes within the ______.
cranial mediastinum
Which animals have thymic tissue from base of skull, neck, and lobes in cranial mediastinum?
ruminants & pig
Esophagus location in cranial part of neck
dorsal to larynx
In the middle of the neck, the esophagus deviates to the (right/left).
left
Where does the esophagus deviate back to midline after the middle of the neck?
thoracic inlet
What are the 3 types of cervical fascia?
superficial lamina
pretracheal lamnia (middle cervical)
prevertebral lamina (deep cervical)
What structures does superficial lamina surround?
cleidocephalicus M
jugular groove / vein
sternocephalicus M
What structures does pretracheal lamina surround?
sternothyroideus M
sternohyoideus M
omohyoideus M
visceral neck structures (trachea/esoph)
carotid sheath
What structure does the prevertebral lamina surround?
longus colli M
Which cervical fascia type becomes endothoracic fascia as it continues?
prevertebral lamina
What structures are within the carotid sheath?
common carotid A
vagosympathetic trunk
lymph vessel
recurrent laryngeal N
tracheal trunk
Which vein is in the carotid sheath and drains blood from the pharynx/larynx –> cranial vena cava? (ox)
internal jugular V
What 3 arteries are significant in the neck?
Deep cervical A
Vertebral A
Common carotid A
What attaches to dorsal surfaces of vertebral bodies and joins with annulus fibrosis of intervertebral disk?
dorsal longitudinal ligament
Function of dorsal longitudinal ligament
support vertebral column
What covers ventral surfaces of vertebral bodies and fuses with annulus fibrosis of intervertebral disk?
ventral longitudinal ligament
(T/F) The ventral longitudinal ligament starts at the base of the heart and continues cranially.
False - caudally b/c longus colli M covers vertebrae
What spans interarcuate spaces, sometimes used for injections into epidural space?
yellow ligaments (ligamenta flava)
What muscles mean “above the axis”
epaxial
Epaxial muscle location
dorsal to transverse processes of vertebrae
Function of Epaxial Mm
small movements of vertebral column (flexion, neck)
What innervates epaxial muscles?
dorsal branch of spinal Nn
What innervates epaxial muscles?
dorsal branch of spinal Nn (mixed)
What are the 4 groups of epaxial muscles?
Erector spinae
Transversospinalis
Intertransversarii
Interspinalis
Erector spinae function
straighten vertebral column
What 3 muscle groups are part of the Erector spinae?
iliocostalis Mm
Longissimus Mm
Spinalis Mm
Iliocostalis Mm origin & insertion
Origin: ilium of os coxae
Insert: ribs (transverse process of C7)
Longissimus Mm origin & insertion
Origin: ilium
Insert: ribs
Spinalis Mm origin & insertion
origin: spinous process vertebrae
insertion: spinous process vertebrae
What two muscle groups are part of the Transversospinalis Mm?
semispinalis Mm
multifundus Mm
Semispinalis Mm origin & insertion
origin: transverse processes vert
insert: skull
Multifundus Mm origin & insertion
origin: transverse processes T vert
insert: spinous processes of vert. cranial to origin
Intertransversarii Mm run between ______.
transverse processes of vertebrae
Interspinalis Mm short and thin and are between adjacent ______.
spinous processes of thoracic vertebrae
What are the 3 main lymphatic structures of the neck?
tracheal trunk
superficial cervical ln
deep cervical ln
What is the main vessel to drain lymph from the head?
tracheal trunk (jugular trunk)
Where does the superficial cervical ln receive lymph from?
neck, thorax, thoracic limb
What are the 3 parts of the deep cervical lnn? Which is often absent?
cranial, middle, caudal
middle
Where do the deep cervical lymph nodes receive lymph from?
deeper parts of neck (esophagus/larynx/trachea)
