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Large Animal Anatomy > The Thorax (Exam 1) > Flashcards

The Thorax (Exam 1) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the region between the scapulae where the long spinous processes of T vertebrae protrude? Which vertebrae?

A

withers
T2-T5

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2
Q

Term for thick band of connective tissue between T2-T5 and attach to medial surface of scapula

A

dorsoscapular ligament

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3
Q

What is the clinical significance of the dorsoscapular ligament?

A

where supraspinous bursa is located
if becomes infected, ligament causes deviation of infection under skin before getting to skin layer

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4
Q

What are the 2 cutaneous muscles which function for skin twitching?

A

cutaneous trunci M
cutaneous omobrachialis M

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5
Q

The cutaneous omobrachialis M has fibers that run (horizontal/vertical).

A

vertical

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6
Q

What 4 nerves are significant in the thorax?

A

intercostobrachial N
lateral thoracic N
long thoracic N
phrenic N

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7
Q

Intercostobrachial N is (sensory/motor/mixed).

A

mixed

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8
Q

Intercostobrachial N is motor to ______ and sensory to ______.

A

cutaneous omobrachialis M
limb/thorax

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9
Q

What does the lateral thoracic N innervate?

A

cutaneous trunci M

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10
Q

What does the long thoracic N innervate?

A

serratus ventralis thoracis M

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11
Q

What nerve is easier to find in the male ox b/c it goes all the way down to the prepuce?

A

lateral thoracic N

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12
Q

What two nerves join together to form the intercostobrachial N?

A

lateral thoracic N + intercostal N branches (T2/T3)

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13
Q

Superficial thoracic V drains blood into _____ v –> ________ venous system.

A

thoracodorsal V –> axillary venous system

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14
Q

Clinical significance of superficial thoracic V

A

= “spur vein”
damage by forceful spurring –> hematoma

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15
Q

Function of scalenus Mm

A

inspiration

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16
Q

What are the 3 scalenus Mm?

A

dorsal scalenus
middle scalenus
ventral scalenus

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17
Q

Origin and insertion of dorsal scalenus M

A

origin: transverse process of C vert
insert: 4th rib

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18
Q

The dorsal scalenus M goes (dorsal/ventral) to the roots of the brachial plexus.

A

dorsal

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19
Q

Origin & insertion of middle scalenus M

A

origin: C6
insert: C7

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20
Q

The middle scalenus M goes (dorsal/ventral) to roots of brachial plexus.

A

dorsal

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21
Q

The middle scalenus M is covered by ____ in cattle.

A

dorsal scalenus M

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22
Q

Origin & insertion of ventral scalenus M

A

origin: transverse process of C vert
insert: 1st rib

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23
Q

The ventral scalenus M passes (dorsal/ventral) to the roots of the brachial plexus.

A

ventral

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24
Q

What nerve originates in the neck, passes through the thoracic inlet, and ends at the diaphragm?

A

phrenic N

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25
Q

The roots of the phrenic N are seen on which muscle?

A

ventral scalenus M

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26
Q

External intercostal Mm function vs. Internal intercostal Mm function

A

external: inspiration
internal: expiration

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27
Q

What nerves innervate the intercostal Mm?

A

intercostal Nn

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28
Q

(T/F) The external intercostal Mm fill the entire length of the intercostal space.

A

False - end at costochondral junction
internal intercostal Mm run entire length

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29
Q

What two thoracic wall muscles run caudally & ventrally?

A

external intercostal Mm
levatores costarum Mm

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30
Q

Levatores costarum Mm origin & insertion

A

origin: transverse process of T vertebrae
insert: next rib

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31
Q

(T/F) All arteries of the dorsal and ventral intercostal branches come off the aorta.

A

False (not first 3)

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32
Q

The first 3 dorsal intercostal Aa come off at the ________.

A

costocervical trunk

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33
Q

The ventral intercostal branches come off of branches of the _______ A.

A

internal thoracic A

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34
Q

The dorsal intercostal Aa anastomose with the internal thoracic A which splits into _______ A and _______ A.

A

musculophrenic A
cranial epigastric A

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35
Q

The dorsal intercostal Vv drain into _______ V in ruminants/pig and then into _______.

A

right azygous V
cranial vena cava

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36
Q

The left dorsal intercostals Vv drain into ______ V and then into ______.

A

left azygous V
coronary sinus of heart

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37
Q

Which animals have a paired azygous V?

A

ruminant + pig

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38
Q

What is the mediastinum?

A

space in thorax between left & right layers of pleura

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39
Q

The mediastinum contains all thoracic structures other than ______.

A

lungs

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40
Q

Where is the cranial mediastinum located?

A

between first rib and cranial border of heart

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41
Q

Where is caudal mediastinum located?

A

between caudal border of heart and diaphragm

42
Q

What is contained in the middle mediastinum?

A

heart

43
Q

Where is the dorsal mediastinum located?

A

base of heart and thoracic wall dorsally

44
Q

Where is the ventral mediastinum located?

A

between ventral border of heart & ventral border of thoracic wall

45
Q

“Visceral” pleura that is directly adhered to the lungs

A

pulmonary pleura

46
Q

Pleura other than pulmonary with subdivisions

A

parietal pleura

47
Q

What are the divisions of parietal pleura?

A

costal pleura
diaphragmatic pleura
mediastinal pleura

48
Q

Costal pleura rests on _______.

A

internal intercostal Mm

49
Q

Diaphragmatic pleura rests on _____.

A

diaphragm

50
Q

Mediastinal pleura is where _____ reflects on structures in mediastinum.

A

costal pleura

51
Q

Name for mediastinal pleura on pericardium

A

pericardial pleura

52
Q

Pleural cavity

A

space between parietal + visceral pleura

53
Q

Pericardial cavity

A

space between parietal + visceral layers of serous pericardium

54
Q

What is cardiac tamponade?

A

hemorrhage in pericardial cavity = pressure on heart

55
Q

What are the 2 main parts of the pericardium?

A

fibrous pericardium
serous pericardium

56
Q

Fibrous pericardium is made of very dense _____ and attaches to ______ in large animals.

A

DICCT
sternopericardiac ligament

57
Q

Term for where fibrous pericardium attaches to sternum

A

sternopericardiac ligament

58
Q

The ______ pericardium is within the serous pericardium and has ____ layer(s).

A

serous
2

59
Q

What are the 2 layers within the serous pericardium?

A

parietal lamina
visceral lamina (epicardium)

60
Q

The ascending aorta continues as the _____ –> ______ and gives rise to both _____ Aa which supply blood to the heart.

A

aortic arch
brachiocephalic trunk
coronary

61
Q

Branches of the coronary Aa run in the _______ between ____ and ____.

A

coronary groove
atria
ventricles

62
Q

Left coronary A divides into _____ and _____.

A

paraconal interventricular branch
circumflex branch

63
Q

Paraconal interventricular branch has deep branches that go into the heart called _____.

A

septal branches

64
Q

Circumflex branch runs in the ______ between the ____ and ____.

A

coronary groove
atria
ventricles

65
Q

Which species have a subsinuosal interventricular branch of the circumflex branch with NO named branches of the Right Coronary A?

A

ruminants + dog (sometimes cat)

66
Q

Subsinuosal interventricular branch runs in _______ between ___ and ___.

A

subsinuosal interventricular groove
LV
RV

67
Q

Which species does the Right Coronary A give rise to the subsinuosal interventricular branch with no named branches of the circumflex branch?

A

horse + pig

68
Q

Term for terminal dilation of great cardiac V

A

coronary sinus

69
Q

Coronary sinus is a terminal dilation of _____ and opens into the _____.

A

great cardiac V
right atrium

70
Q

Which species have paired azygous Vv?

A

ruminants + pig

71
Q

In ruminants/pig, the ______ V drains into the coronary sinus.

A

left azygous

72
Q

The great cardiac veins runs in the _______ –> ______ –> _____.

A

paraconal interventricular groove
coronary groove
coronary sinus

73
Q

The middle cardiac vein begins in the ________ –> _____.

A

subsinuosal interventricular groove
coronary sinus

74
Q

The horse has a separate opening of the ________ into the ______.

A

middle cardiac V
right atrium

75
Q

What is the general lung lobe pattern?

A

left:
-cranial lobe (cranial + caudal parts)
-caudal lobe

right:
-cranial
-middle
-caudal
-accessory

76
Q

What is the horse lung lobe pattern?

A

left:
-undivided cranial lobe
-caudal lobe

right:
-cranial
-caudal
-accessory
(lacks middle)

77
Q

What is the ruminant lung lobe pattern?

A

left:
-cranial (cranial + caudal parts)
-caudal

right:
cranial (cranial + caudal parts)
-middle
-caudal
-accessory

78
Q

What are divisions within lung lobes by branches of the bronchial tree?

A

bronchopulmonary segments

79
Q

The trachea divides at the base of the heart into ______.

A

primary/principal bronchi

80
Q

Branch of primary bronchus to each individual lung lobe

A

lobar bronchi

81
Q

Smaller bronchi that supply specific segments of individual lobe (bronchopulmonary segments)

A

segmental bronchi

82
Q

Name for branch where trachea splits before primary bronchi

A

tracheal bronchus / accessory bronchus

83
Q

The tracheal bronchus supplies air to the ______ lobe.

A

right cranial

84
Q

Cranial Mediastinal Lnn Location

A

first rib –> thoracic inlet

85
Q

Sternal Lnn Location

A

dorsal surface of sternum

86
Q

Caudal Mediastinal Lnn Location

A

dorsal side of esophagus

87
Q

Middle Mediastinal Lnn Location

A

medial side of aortic arch or thoracic aorta

88
Q

Thoracic Aortic Lnn Location

A

2 chains along aorta

89
Q

Intercostal Lnn Locatino

A

above thoracic aortic ln
where intercostal spaces begin

90
Q

Cranial Tracheobronchial Ln Location

A

at tracheal bronchus

91
Q

Tracheobronchial Lnn Location

A

tracheal bifurcation

92
Q

Pulmonary Ln Location

A

within lung (by primary bronchus)

93
Q

What are the 3 parts of the diaphragm?

A

lumbar part
costal part
sternal part

94
Q

_____ part of diaphragm attaches to lumbar vertebrae.

A

lumbar

95
Q

The (left/right) crus of the diaphragm is larger.

A

right

96
Q

Esophageal hiatus is within (left/right) crus.

A

right

97
Q

Where is the Aortic hiatus located?

A

between left & right crus

98
Q

____ part of diaphragm attaches to the ribs.

A

costal

99
Q

____ part of the diaphragm attaches to the sternum.

A

sternal

100
Q

Term for central aponeurosis of diaphragm

A

centrum tendineum

101
Q

Opening where caudal vena cava passes through in diaphragm.

A

foramen venae cavae
(within centrum tendineum)

102
Q

Term for what’s between the caudal mediastinum and plica vena cava (where accessory lobe of right lung sits).

A

mediastinal recess

Large Animal Anatomy (41 decks)

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