Digit 2 (Exam 1) Flashcards
What parts of the limb are blocked with a palmar digital nerve block?
mid-pastern and rest of hoof distally
What are 2 common nerve blocks done for the distal thoracic limb?
palmar digital nerve block
abaxial nerve block
Term for ossification of hoof cartilage where it becomes immobile and cannot function properly.
side bone
In laminitis, there is pull of the _______ on the _____ bone which causes what?
DDFT
coffin
rotation of the bone
_____ starts to grow faster than the ______ with laminitis.
heel
toe
Term for procedure where a contrast agent is injected to see vasculature damage for laminitis.
venogram
A lack of pressure on the frog and digital cushion leads to _________. What is this commonly seen in?
contracted heels
padded show horses
What is “club foot”?
contracture of DDFT
Two possible causes of club foot
- genetic
- nutritional
Treatment for club foot
desmotomy of distal check ligament
Term for subacute or acute necrotic infection of digital region in cattle
footrot
What 3 symptoms are seen with footrot in cattle?
- pain
- severe lameness
- decreased milk production
A _______ test is part of a lameness exam to localize the lameness.
flexion
_______ syndrome is associated with forelimb lameness.
navicular
What nerve block is used for navicular syndrome?
palmar digital nerve block
What are 2 treatments for navicular syndrome?
- shoeing
- neurectomy
(T/F) Transecting a nerve during a neurectomy is an efficient way to treat navicular syndrome.
False - need to remove 1 inch (can regrow if just transect)
What structure is important to be mindful of with a neurectomy of digital Nn?
ligament of the ergot
Term for hoof cartilage infection
quittor
_______ laceration is common in horses from wire cuts, rope burns, and is difficult to heal.
heel bulb
Term for osteoarthritis of middle phalanx
ring bone
Two types of “ring bone”
- high (proximal)
- low (coffin joint problem)
“Ring bone” is osteoarthritis of what?
middle phalanx
Term for fracture of hoof wall
hoof wall avulsion
Term for neoplastic tissue that can proliferate and can present differently. This develops from an immune reaction to what disease?
sarcoid
papilloma virus
Term for effusion in palmar/plantar fetlock joint
windpuffs
What 2 things can be used to manage windpuffs?
- pressure wraps
- joint injection (with lameness)
What can result from puncture wounds in the sole?
abscesses
What is the sign of hoof abscesses?
acute lameness
Term for small stone that works it way up to the white line to exit at the coronary band in hoof abscesses?
gravel
What is a “street nail”?
nail that penetrates navicular bursa
Term for infection from buildup of mud/manure on the frog
thrush
Bacteria sequestered in a joint causes what disease?
septic arthritis
How do you treat septic arthritis?
torniquets and antibiotics
Function of passive stay-apparatus in the horse
provides ability to stand for long periods of time
What muscle suspends the body and transfers force to the thoracic limb (part of the stay apparatus)?
serratus ventralis M
Biceps brachii tendon forms continuous, fibrous band to extensor carpi radialis M called:
lacertus fibrosus
Fill-in the blank for the process of the stay apparatus process:
- Force on the _________ M –> flexing of shoulder
- Flexion of shoulder –> tension on ________ tendon.
- Tendon tightens and pulls on _________.
- Force is transferred past ________ M belly to its tendon.
- serratus ventralis M
- biceps brachii tendon
- lacertus fibrosus
- extensor carpi radialis M
The collateral ligaments of the elbow are slightly ______ to the axis of rotation. This prevents ________.
caudal
flexion
Where does most of the weight of the thoracic limb rest?
radius
Flexion of the elbow is prevented by passive tension of which muscles?
carpal flexor + digital flexors Mm
Which parts of the triceps brachii remain flaccid in terms of the stay apparatus? Why?
long + lateral heads
keeps elbow in extension
Tension of the entire arrangement of the triceps brachii M prevents what?
flexion of carpus
Which structures keep the carpus in extension?
SDFT + DDFT check ligaments
Overextension of the fetlock joint is prevented by __________, via the _______ ligaments.
suspensory apparatus
proximal & distal check
Another name for suspensory ligament
interosseous medius M
Which 4 structures are part of the suspensory apparatus?
- suspensory ligament
- proximal sesamoid bones
- sesamoidean ligaments
- collateral ligaments
When there is problem with the stay apparatus, what sign is seen?
fetlock joint “drops”
__________ tendon is involved in stabilizing both the fetlock and the digit.
common digital extensor
Overextension of the pastern joint is prevented by what 3 things?
- palmar ligaments
- straight sesamoidean ligament
- DDFT
What prevents flexion of the pastern joint?
SDFT
______ pulls on the coffin joint and causes flexion.
DDFT
Tension on the ________ of the suspensory ligament prevents flexion of coffin joint by DDFT.
extensor processes
