Digit 2 (Exam 1)

Question 1

What parts of the limb are blocked with a palmar digital nerve block?

Answer 1

mid-pastern and rest of hoof distally

Question 2

What are 2 common nerve blocks done for the distal thoracic limb?

Answer 2

palmar digital nerve block
abaxial nerve block

Question 3

Term for ossification of hoof cartilage where it becomes immobile and cannot function properly.

Answer 3

side bone

Question 4

In laminitis, there is pull of the _______ on the _____ bone which causes what?

Answer 4

DDFT
coffin
rotation of the bone

Question 5

_____ starts to grow faster than the ______ with laminitis.

Answer 5

heel
toe

Question 6

Term for procedure where a contrast agent is injected to see vasculature damage for laminitis.

Answer 6

venogram

Question 7

A lack of pressure on the frog and digital cushion leads to _________. What is this commonly seen in?

Answer 7

contracted heels
padded show horses

Question 8

What is “club foot”?

Answer 8

contracture of DDFT

Question 9

Two possible causes of club foot

Answer 9

1. genetic
2. nutritional

Question 10

Treatment for club foot

Answer 10

desmotomy of distal check ligament

Question 11

Term for subacute or acute necrotic infection of digital region in cattle

Answer 11

footrot

Question 12

What 3 symptoms are seen with footrot in cattle?

Answer 12

1. pain
2. severe lameness
3. decreased milk production

Question 13

A _______ test is part of a lameness exam to localize the lameness.

Answer 13

flexion

Question 14

_______ syndrome is associated with forelimb lameness.

Answer 14

navicular

Question 15

What nerve block is used for navicular syndrome?

Answer 15

palmar digital nerve block

Question 16

What are 2 treatments for navicular syndrome?

Answer 16

1. shoeing
2. neurectomy

Question 17

(T/F) Transecting a nerve during a neurectomy is an efficient way to treat navicular syndrome.

Answer 17

False - need to remove 1 inch (can regrow if just transect)

Question 18

What structure is important to be mindful of with a neurectomy of digital Nn?

Answer 18

ligament of the ergot

Question 19

Term for hoof cartilage infection

Answer 19

quittor

Question 20

_______ laceration is common in horses from wire cuts, rope burns, and is difficult to heal.

Answer 20

heel bulb

Question 21

Term for osteoarthritis of middle phalanx

Answer 21

ring bone

Question 22

Two types of “ring bone”

Answer 22

1. high (proximal)
2. low (coffin joint problem)

Question 23

“Ring bone” is osteoarthritis of what?

Answer 23

middle phalanx

Question 24

Term for fracture of hoof wall

Answer 24

hoof wall avulsion

Question 25

Term for neoplastic tissue that can proliferate and can present differently. This develops from an immune reaction to what disease?

Answer 25

sarcoid papilloma virus

Question 26

Term for effusion in palmar/plantar fetlock joint

Answer 26

windpuffs

Question 27

What 2 things can be used to manage windpuffs?

Answer 27

1. pressure wraps 2. joint injection (with lameness)

Question 28

What can result from puncture wounds in the sole?

Answer 28

abscesses

Question 29

What is the sign of hoof abscesses?

Answer 29

acute lameness

Question 30

Term for small stone that works it way up to the white line to exit at the coronary band in hoof abscesses?

Answer 30

gravel

Question 31

What is a "street nail"?

Answer 31

nail that penetrates navicular bursa

Question 32

Term for infection from buildup of mud/manure on the frog

Answer 32

thrush

Question 33

Bacteria sequestered in a joint causes what disease?

Answer 33

septic arthritis

Question 34

How do you treat septic arthritis?

Answer 34

torniquets and antibiotics

Question 35

Function of passive stay-apparatus in the horse

Answer 35

provides ability to stand for long periods of time

Question 36

What muscle suspends the body and transfers force to the thoracic limb (part of the stay apparatus)?

Answer 36

serratus ventralis M

Question 37

Biceps brachii tendon forms continuous, fibrous band to extensor carpi radialis M called:

Answer 37

lacertus fibrosus

Question 38

Fill-in the blank for the process of the stay apparatus process: 1. Force on the _________ M --> flexing of shoulder 2. Flexion of shoulder --> tension on ________ tendon. 3. Tendon tightens and pulls on _________. 4. Force is transferred past ________ M belly to its tendon.

Answer 38

1. serratus ventralis M 2. biceps brachii tendon 3. lacertus fibrosus 4. extensor carpi radialis M

Question 39

The collateral ligaments of the elbow are slightly ______ to the axis of rotation. This prevents ________.

Answer 39

caudal flexion

Question 40

Where does most of the weight of the thoracic limb rest?

Answer 40

radius

Question 41

Flexion of the elbow is prevented by passive tension of which muscles?

Answer 41

carpal flexor + digital flexors Mm

Question 42

Which parts of the triceps brachii remain flaccid in terms of the stay apparatus? Why?

Answer 42

long + lateral heads keeps elbow in extension

Question 43

Tension of the entire arrangement of the triceps brachii M prevents what?

Answer 43

flexion of carpus

Question 44

Which structures keep the carpus in extension?

Answer 44

SDFT + DDFT check ligaments

Question 45

Overextension of the fetlock joint is prevented by __________, via the _______ ligaments.

Answer 45

suspensory apparatus proximal & distal check

Question 46

Another name for suspensory ligament

Answer 46

interosseous medius M

Question 47

Which 4 structures are part of the suspensory apparatus?

Answer 47

1. suspensory ligament 2. proximal sesamoid bones 3. sesamoidean ligaments 4. collateral ligaments

Question 48

When there is problem with the stay apparatus, what sign is seen?

Answer 48

fetlock joint "drops"

Question 49

__________ tendon is involved in stabilizing both the fetlock and the digit.

Answer 49

common digital extensor

Question 50

Overextension of the pastern joint is prevented by what 3 things?

Answer 50

1. palmar ligaments 2. straight sesamoidean ligament 3. DDFT

Question 51

What prevents flexion of the pastern joint?

Answer 51

SDFT

Question 52

______ pulls on the coffin joint and causes flexion.

Answer 52

DDFT

Question 53

Tension on the ________ of the suspensory ligament prevents flexion of coffin joint by DDFT.

Answer 53

extensor processes