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Large Animal Anatomy > Larynx + Brain Review > Flashcards

Larynx + Brain Review Flashcards

1
Q

3 functions of the larynx

A
  1. respiration
  2. protection (from food getting to respiratory)
  3. phonation (vocal cords)
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2
Q

What is the main clinical relevance of the larynx?

A

oxygen (need unrestricted airflow in all animals)

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3
Q

What are the 4 cartilages of the larynx? Which is paired?

A
  1. epiglottic cartilage
  2. thyroid cartilage
  3. arytenoid cartilage (paired)
  4. cricoid cartilage
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4
Q

The laryngeal cartilages are composed of _______ cartilage except _______ which is composed of _______.

A

elastic
cricoid cartilage
hyaline

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5
Q

Function of epiglottic cartilage

A

close laryngeal opening during swallow

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6
Q

The horse has a _______ process on the epiglottic cartilage.

A

cuneiform

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7
Q

The hyoepiglottic ligament is from the __________ to the rostral edge of the epiglottic cartilage.

A

basihyoid bone

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8
Q

The soft tissue which spans the space of the thyroid fissure creates the ________.

A

thyroid foramen

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9
Q

The thyroid foramen is where ____________ enters the larynx to innervate laryngeal mucosa.

A

internal branch of cranial laryngeal N

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10
Q

Equids have a ________ in the thyroid cartilage which allows access to internal larynx during surgery.

A

deep caudal thyroid notch

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11
Q

What are the processes of the arytenoid cartilages?

A
  1. corniculate
  2. vocal
  3. muscular
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12
Q

The cricoarytenoideus dorsalis and lateralis Mm attach to the ______ process of the arytenoid cartilages.

A

muscular

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13
Q

Which laryngeal cartilage is the most caudal?

A

cricoid

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14
Q

_______ is the area on the cricoid cartilage where the cricoarytenoideus dorsalis M attaches.

A

median crest

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15
Q

_________ ligament is between the first tracheal ring and the ventral lamina and cricoid cartilage, connecting the trachea to larynx.

A

cricotracheal ligament

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16
Q

_______ ligament is between the cricoid and thyroid cartilage.

A

cricothyroid ligament

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17
Q

________ ligament from the cuneiform process of the epiglottis to the arytenoid cartilages.

A

vestibular

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18
Q

_______ ligament is from the thyroid cartilage to the vocal process of the arytenoid cartilage.

A

vocal

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19
Q

What is the term for entrance into the larynx?

A

aditus laryngis

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20
Q

What is the most rostral cavity of the larynx itself called?

A

vestibule

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21
Q

Term for opening between vestibular folds.

A

rima vestibuli

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22
Q

Term for blind pocket between vestibular and vocal fold only in the horse.

A

laryngeal ventricle

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23
Q

What is the term for the vocal apparatus?

A

glottis

24
Q

Of the glottis, the vocal folds cover the _______ M in the horse, and the ________ M in the ox.

A

vocalis
thyroarytenoideus

25
Q

Term for opening between vocal folds and arytenoid cartilages.

A

rima glottidis

26
Q

The most caudal cavity in the larynx is called:

A

infraglottic cavity

27
Q

List the 5 extrinsic muscles of the larynx.

A
  1. hyoepiglotticus
  2. thyrohyoideus
  3. sternothyroideus
  4. thyropharyngeus
  5. cricopharyngeus
28
Q

Contraction of the sternothyroideus M causes what? Which muscle does the oppposite?

A

larynx pulled caudally
thyrohyoideus (pulls rostrally)

29
Q

List the 5 intrinsic muscles of the larynx.

A
  1. cricothyroideus
  2. cricoarytenoideus dorsalis
  3. cricoarytenoideus lateralis
  4. arytenoideus transversus
  5. thyroarytenoideus
30
Q

The thyroarytenoideus M is split into which two muscles in the horse?

A

vocalis
ventricularis

31
Q

Which nerve innervates all but one intrinsic muscle of the larynx? Which does it NOT innervate?

A

caudal laryngeal N
cricothyroideus M

32
Q

What innervates the cricothyroideus M?

A

cranial laryngeal N

33
Q

All but one intrinsic muscle of the larynx have the same action. What action is this? Which DOES NOT perform this action?

A

narrows glottis
cricoarytenoideus dorsalis M

34
Q

Function of cricoarytenoideus dorsalis M.

A

enlarges glottis

35
Q

Cranial laryngeal A. is branch of ________.

A

cranial thyroid A.

36
Q

What are the 5 common clinical signs of laryngeal pathology?

A
  1. coughing
  2. abnormal breathing sounds (stridor or sturdor)
  3. exercise intolerance
  4. increase respiratory effort
  5. asymmetry
37
Q

Match whether these disorders have infectious causes or exercise-induced:

  1. infectious bovine rhinotracheitis
  2. dorsal displacement of soft palate
  3. laryngeal hemiplegia
  4. arytenoid chondritis
  5. necrotic laryngitis
  6. epiglottic entrapment
A

Infectious: 1, 4, 5
Exercise: 2, 3, 6

38
Q

What causes epiglottic entrapment?

A

hyperplasia (increased cells) of aryepiglottic fold

39
Q

Laryngeal hemiplegia causes narrowing on one side of rima glottidis caused by damage to what two structures?

A

cricoarytenoideus dorsalis M
recurrent laryngeal N

40
Q

The PSNS is ________ while the SNS is ________.

A

craniosacral
thoracolumbar

41
Q

List the 5 regions of the brain.

A

telencephalon
diencephalon
mesencephalon
metencephalon
myelencephalon

42
Q

What are the 3 layers of the meninges covering the CNS? Order from superficial to deep?

A
  1. dura mater (outmost/superficial)
  2. arachnoid (middle)
  3. pia mater (innermost/deepest)
43
Q

Name the part of the dura mater matched to each location:

  1. projects to transverse cerebral fissure
  2. projections separate hypophysis from brainstem
  3. projects into longitudinal cerebral fissure
A
  1. tentorium cerebelli membranaceum
  2. diaphragma sellae
  3. falx cerebri
44
Q

Match the region of the brain to its contents:

  1. thalamus, hypothalamus, geniculate nuclei, hypophysis
  2. tectum, tegmentum, crus cerebri
  3. cerebral hemispheres
  4. pons, cerebellum
  5. trapezoid bodies, medullary pyramids
A
  1. diencephalon
  2. mesencephalon
  3. telencephalon
  4. metencephalon
  5. myelencephalon
45
Q

Which cranial nerve is in the telencephalon? Diencephalon?

A

CNI (olfactory)
CNII (optic)

46
Q

Which cranial nerves are in the mesencephalon?

A

CN III (oculomotor)
CN VI (abducens)

47
Q

Which cranial nerve is in the metencephalon?

A

CN V (trigeminal)

48
Q

Which 3 cranial nerves originate in the rostral myelencephalon?

A

CN VI (abducens)
CN VII (facial)
CN VIII (vestibulocochlear)

49
Q

Of the caudal myelencephalon, what cranial nerves originate from the dorsolateral sulcus? Ventrolateral sulcus?

A

dorsolateral:
CN IX: glossopharyngeal
CN X: vagus
CN XI: accessory

ventrolateral:
CN XII: hypoglossal

50
Q

Where is CSF made?

A

lateral ventricles

51
Q

Order of CSF flow in the brain.

A

lateral ventricle –> interventricular foramen –> third ventricle –> mesencephalic aqueduct –> fourth ventricle

52
Q

The mesencephalic aqueduct is bordered by the _______ which is the “roof” and the _______ which is the “floor”.

A

tectum
tegmentum

53
Q

The fourth ventricle is bordered by the _________ which is the “roof” and ______ which is the “floor”.

A

cerebellum
rhomboid fossa

54
Q

Which arteries anastomose to form the Basilar A in equine?

A

vertebral Aa + ventral spinal Aa

55
Q

Which two arteries feed into the cerebral arterial circle in the horse?

A

basilar A
internal carotid Aa

56
Q

In the ruminant, the vertebral Aa and the ________ meet the _________.

A

condylar Aa
rete mirable epidurale

57
Q

The rete mirable epidurale has ______ and ______ components which are within the cavernous sinus.

A

rostral
caudal

Large Animal Anatomy (41 decks)

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