Larynx + Brain Review

Question 1

3 functions of the larynx

Answer 1

1. respiration
2. protection (from food getting to respiratory)
3. phonation (vocal cords)

Question 2

What is the main clinical relevance of the larynx?

Answer 2

oxygen (need unrestricted airflow in all animals)

Question 3

What are the 4 cartilages of the larynx? Which is paired?

Answer 3

1. epiglottic cartilage
2. thyroid cartilage
3. arytenoid cartilage (paired)
4. cricoid cartilage

Question 4

The laryngeal cartilages are composed of _______ cartilage except _______ which is composed of _______.

Answer 4

elastic
cricoid cartilage
hyaline

Question 5

Function of epiglottic cartilage

Answer 5

close laryngeal opening during swallow

Question 6

The horse has a _______ process on the epiglottic cartilage.

Answer 6

cuneiform

Question 7

The hyoepiglottic ligament is from the __________ to the rostral edge of the epiglottic cartilage.

Answer 7

basihyoid bone

Question 8

The soft tissue which spans the space of the thyroid fissure creates the ________.

Answer 8

thyroid foramen

Question 9

The thyroid foramen is where ____________ enters the larynx to innervate laryngeal mucosa.

Answer 9

internal branch of cranial laryngeal N

Question 10

Equids have a ________ in the thyroid cartilage which allows access to internal larynx during surgery.

Answer 10

deep caudal thyroid notch

Question 11

What are the processes of the arytenoid cartilages?

Answer 11

1. corniculate
2. vocal
3. muscular

Question 12

The cricoarytenoideus dorsalis and lateralis Mm attach to the ______ process of the arytenoid cartilages.

Answer 12

muscular

Question 13

Which laryngeal cartilage is the most caudal?

Answer 13

cricoid

Question 14

_______ is the area on the cricoid cartilage where the cricoarytenoideus dorsalis M attaches.

Answer 14

median crest

Question 15

_________ ligament is between the first tracheal ring and the ventral lamina and cricoid cartilage, connecting the trachea to larynx.

Answer 15

cricotracheal ligament

Question 16

_______ ligament is between the cricoid and thyroid cartilage.

Answer 16

cricothyroid ligament

Question 17

________ ligament from the cuneiform process of the epiglottis to the arytenoid cartilages.

Answer 17

vestibular

Question 18

_______ ligament is from the thyroid cartilage to the vocal process of the arytenoid cartilage.

Answer 18

vocal

Question 19

What is the term for entrance into the larynx?

Answer 19

aditus laryngis

Question 20

What is the most rostral cavity of the larynx itself called?

Answer 20

vestibule

Question 21

Term for opening between vestibular folds.

Answer 21

rima vestibuli

Question 22

Term for blind pocket between vestibular and vocal fold only in the horse.

Answer 22

laryngeal ventricle

Question 23

What is the term for the vocal apparatus?

Answer 23

glottis

Question 24

Of the glottis, the vocal folds cover the _______ M in the horse, and the ________ M in the ox.

Answer 24

vocalis
thyroarytenoideus

Question 25

Term for opening between vocal folds and arytenoid cartilages.

Answer 25

rima glottidis

Question 26

The most caudal cavity in the larynx is called:

Answer 26

infraglottic cavity

Question 27

List the 5 extrinsic muscles of the larynx.

Answer 27

1. hyoepiglotticus 2. thyrohyoideus 3. sternothyroideus 4. thyropharyngeus 5. cricopharyngeus

Question 28

Contraction of the sternothyroideus M causes what? Which muscle does the oppposite?

Answer 28

larynx pulled caudally thyrohyoideus (pulls rostrally)

Question 29

List the 5 intrinsic muscles of the larynx.

Answer 29

1. cricothyroideus 2. cricoarytenoideus dorsalis 3. cricoarytenoideus lateralis 4. arytenoideus transversus 5. thyroarytenoideus

Question 30

The thyroarytenoideus M is split into which two muscles in the horse?

Answer 30

vocalis ventricularis

Question 31

Which nerve innervates all but one intrinsic muscle of the larynx? Which does it NOT innervate?

Answer 31

caudal laryngeal N cricothyroideus M

Question 32

What innervates the cricothyroideus M?

Answer 32

cranial laryngeal N

Question 33

All but one intrinsic muscle of the larynx have the same action. What action is this? Which DOES NOT perform this action?

Answer 33

narrows glottis cricoarytenoideus dorsalis M

Question 34

Function of cricoarytenoideus dorsalis M.

Answer 34

enlarges glottis

Question 35

Cranial laryngeal A. is branch of ________.

Answer 35

cranial thyroid A.

Question 36

What are the 5 common clinical signs of laryngeal pathology?

Answer 36

1. coughing 2. abnormal breathing sounds (stridor or sturdor) 3. exercise intolerance 4. increase respiratory effort 5. asymmetry

Question 37

Match whether these disorders have infectious causes or exercise-induced: 1. infectious bovine rhinotracheitis 2. dorsal displacement of soft palate 3. laryngeal hemiplegia 4. arytenoid chondritis 5. necrotic laryngitis 6. epiglottic entrapment

Answer 37

Infectious: 1, 4, 5 Exercise: 2, 3, 6

Question 38

What causes epiglottic entrapment?

Answer 38

hyperplasia (increased cells) of aryepiglottic fold

Question 39

Laryngeal hemiplegia causes narrowing on one side of rima glottidis caused by damage to what two structures?

Answer 39

cricoarytenoideus dorsalis M recurrent laryngeal N

Question 40

The PSNS is ________ while the SNS is ________.

Answer 40

craniosacral thoracolumbar

Question 41

List the 5 regions of the brain.

Answer 41

telencephalon diencephalon mesencephalon metencephalon myelencephalon

Question 42

What are the 3 layers of the meninges covering the CNS? Order from superficial to deep?

Answer 42

1. dura mater (outmost/superficial) 2. arachnoid (middle) 3. pia mater (innermost/deepest)

Question 43

Name the part of the dura mater matched to each location: 1. projects to transverse cerebral fissure 2. projections separate hypophysis from brainstem 3. projects into longitudinal cerebral fissure

Answer 43

1. tentorium cerebelli membranaceum 2. diaphragma sellae 3. falx cerebri

Question 44

Match the region of the brain to its contents: 1. thalamus, hypothalamus, geniculate nuclei, hypophysis 2. tectum, tegmentum, crus cerebri 3. cerebral hemispheres 4. pons, cerebellum 5. trapezoid bodies, medullary pyramids

Answer 44

1. diencephalon 2. mesencephalon 3. telencephalon 4. metencephalon 5. myelencephalon

Question 45

Which cranial nerve is in the telencephalon? Diencephalon?

Answer 45

CNI (olfactory) CNII (optic)

Question 46

Which cranial nerves are in the mesencephalon?

Answer 46

CN III (oculomotor) CN VI (abducens)

Question 47

Which cranial nerve is in the metencephalon?

Answer 47

CN V (trigeminal)

Question 48

Which 3 cranial nerves originate in the rostral myelencephalon?

Answer 48

CN VI (abducens) CN VII (facial) CN VIII (vestibulocochlear)

Question 49

Of the caudal myelencephalon, what cranial nerves originate from the dorsolateral sulcus? Ventrolateral sulcus?

Answer 49

dorsolateral: CN IX: glossopharyngeal CN X: vagus CN XI: accessory ventrolateral: CN XII: hypoglossal

Question 50

Where is CSF made?

Answer 50

lateral ventricles

Question 51

Order of CSF flow in the brain.

Answer 51

lateral ventricle --> interventricular foramen --> third ventricle --> mesencephalic aqueduct --> fourth ventricle

Question 52

The mesencephalic aqueduct is bordered by the _______ which is the "roof" and the _______ which is the "floor".

Answer 52

tectum tegmentum

Question 53

The fourth ventricle is bordered by the _________ which is the "roof" and ______ which is the "floor".

Answer 53

cerebellum rhomboid fossa

Question 54

Which arteries anastomose to form the Basilar A in equine?

Answer 54

vertebral Aa + ventral spinal Aa

Question 55

Which two arteries feed into the cerebral arterial circle in the horse?

Answer 55

basilar A internal carotid Aa

Question 56

In the ruminant, the vertebral Aa and the ________ meet the _________.

Answer 56

condylar Aa rete mirable epidurale

Question 57

The rete mirable epidurale has ______ and ______ components which are within the cavernous sinus.

Answer 57

rostral caudal