Birds 3

Question 1

(T/F) Bird have no teeth and no soft palate.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

In the oropharynx of birds, the ______ is a cavity which communicates with the nasal cavity and _________ is the combined openings of both auditory tubes.

Answer 2

choana
infundibular cleft

Question 3

Within the oropharynx, there are small, rostral openings of ________.

Answer 3

salivary glands

Question 4

What bone is a projection of the hyoid apparatus into the tongue? What is its function?

Answer 4

entoglossal bone
help swallow & get liquid into oropharynx

Question 5

Esophagus is on the (left/right) side of the neck in avians.

Answer 5

right

Question 6

Enlargement of esophagus is ________.

Answer 6

crop

Question 7

Function of crop.

Answer 7

large intake of food stored for later digestion

Question 8

The proventriculus is the _________ stomach and the ventriculus is the ________ stomach.

Answer 8

glandular
mechanical

Question 9

The ventriculus has a thick secretory product called ________ where stones accumulate for grinding and breaking down food.

Answer 9

cuticle

Question 10

What is “grit”?

Answer 10

stones ingested to grind and break down food in ventriculus

Question 11

Term for the projection of jejunum which is a remnant of where the yolk sac attached to the intestines.

Answer 11

vitelline (meckel’s) diverticulum

Question 12

How many ceca are in the bird? What structure is prevalent here?

Answer 12

two
lymphatic tissue

Question 13

Term for clumps of lymphatic tissue where two ceca come together where the rectum begins.

Answer 13

cecal tonsils

Question 14

The rectum empties into _________.

Answer 14

coprodeum of cloaca

Question 15

Term for diverticulum of nasal cavity ventral to the eye underneath the skin which becomes inflammed during infection.

Answer 15

infraorbital sinus

Question 16

(T/F) The larynx is responsible for vocal function in the bird.

Answer 16

False

Question 17

What is the function of the larynx in the bird?

Answer 17

protector of airway (prevent food from getting into trachea)

Question 18

(T/F) Birds have no epiglottis.

Answer 18

True

Question 19

What is unique about the trachea of the bird?

Answer 19

complete cartilage rings

Question 20

Term for terminal end of trachea responsible which contains “ear-drum-like” membranes.

Answer 20

syrinx

Question 21

Match the structure within the syrinx to its definition:

1. bone in syrinx which provides rigidity
2. ear-drum-like membranes where vocalizations are made
3. asymmetrical bubble of syrinx in male ducks

Answer 21

1. pessulus
2. tympaniform membranes
3. syringeal bulla

Question 22

(T/F) Birds have both lungs and air sacs which expand upon inspiration.

Answer 22

False - NO expansion

Question 23

Where does gas exchange occur in birds?

Answer 23

air capillaries in parabronchi

Question 24

How many air sacs does the bird have? What do they connect to?

Answer 24

8-9
primary bronchi

Question 25

Air sacs are grouped into ________ and ________ air sacs.

Answer 25

cranial & caudal

Question 26

What 3 air sacs are grouped into "cranial air sacs"?

Answer 26

1. clavicular air sac (1) 2. cranial thoracic air sacs (2)

Question 27

What 4 air sacs are grouped into "caudal air sacs"?

Answer 27

1. caudal thoracic air sacs (2) 2. abdominal air sacs (2)

Question 28

What is unique about gas exchange in the bird?

Answer 28

occurs during both inspiration and expiration due to air sacs

Question 29

Only the (left/right) ovary and oviduct develop in most species of birds.

Answer 29

left

Question 30

Term for avascular line on ovarian follicles where wall ruptures during ovulation.

Answer 30

stigma

Question 31

List the 5 segments of the left oviduct.

Answer 31

1. infundibulum 2. magnum 3. isthmus 4. uterus 5. vagina

Question 32

Where is the site of fertilization in the bird?

Answer 32

infundibulum of left oviduct

Question 33

What is the function of the infundibulum?

Answer 33

secure ovulated secondary oocyte and allow for fertilization

Question 34

The magnum is the longest segment of the oviduct. What is its function?

Answer 34

glands in wall secrete albumen of egg

Question 35

How is the "grade" of an egg determined?

Answer 35

thickness of albumen

Question 36

Function of isthmus of oviduct.

Answer 36

add shell membranes

Question 37

Where is the entire shell produced in the oviduct?

Answer 37

uterus

Question 38

The last layer of the shell is a "waxy" or clear layer called the _________ to coat the shell to prevent bacterial infection.

Answer 38

cuticle

Question 39

The vagina of the oviduct empties into the ________.

Answer 39

urodeum of the cloaca

Question 40

(T/F) The male bird is heterogametic.

Answer 40

False - female determines sex of offspring

Question 41

List the male and female chromosomes in birds.

Answer 41

Male: ZZ Female: ZW

Question 42

List the 3 main components of the egg.

Answer 42

1. yolk 2. chalaza 3. albumen

Question 43

Term for curly or twisted layer of albumen which connects shell membranes in the egg.

Answer 43

chalaza

Question 44

What is the function of chalaza?

Answer 44

turn egg to prevent sticked to shell and keep germinal disc upright

Question 45

The _________ is where the female nucleus is present on the egg.

Answer 45

germinal disc