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Human Biology Year 11 > The heart > Flashcards

The heart Flashcards

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1
Q

what membrane surrounds the heart

A

the pericardium

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2
Q

how many chambers are in the heart

A

4

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3
Q

what are the different chambers in the heart

A
  • right atrium
  • left atrium
  • right ventricle
  • left ventricle
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4
Q

what are the different veins in the heart

A
  • inferior vena cava
  • superior vena cava
  • pulmonary vein
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5
Q

what are the different arteries in the heart

A
  • pulmonary arteries

- aorta

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6
Q

what are the different valves in the heart

A

semilunar valves between ventricles and arteries

atrioventricular valves between atria and ventricles

Tricuspid valve - right side
bicuspid valve - left side

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7
Q

what do arteries do

A

carry blood away from the heart

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8
Q

what do veins do

A

carry blood towards the heart

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9
Q

what do capillaries do

A

tiny vessels that carry blood between cells. Where the transported substances actually enter and leave the blood.

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10
Q

describe in detail what veins do

A

Veins carry blood from every tissue in the body to the heart.

As the pressure is so much lower in the veins than in the arteries, there is little need for elastic fibres and smooth muscle in the walls.

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11
Q

what do veins have

A

semi lunar valves to stop blood flowing backwards

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12
Q

why does the exchange of material not take place in the arteries and veins

A

Because their walls are too thick and too impermeable

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13
Q

describe the structure of capillaries

A

very narrow and thin-walled and compose of endothelium and are single-celled. Is often highly permeable, because its very thin and has holes between cells in some capillaries

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14
Q

because there is a large number of capillaries what does this help with

A

there is a number of capillaries and have a huge surface area to volume ratio, helping rapid diffusion of substances between blood and cells.

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15
Q

what is the arrangement of capillaries called

A

capillary beds

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16
Q

what is double circulation

A

The first loop travels from the right side of the heart through the lungs to gain oxygen.

The second loop travels from the left side of the heart around the body to lose oxygen and gain carbon dioxide.

17
Q

what are antigens

A

Antigens are proteins found on the outside of the cells.

18
Q

what are antibodies

A

antibodies are produced by B cells in response to a specific antigen.

19
Q

what is the cardiac cycle

A

The cardiac cycle is the sequence of events that occurs in one complete heart beat

20
Q

what is the pumping phase of the cardiac cycle

A

systole

21
Q

what is the relaxing phase of the cardiac cycle

A

diatole

22
Q

what are the 3 stages of the cardiac cycle

A
  • atrial systole
  • ventricular systole
  • diastole
23
Q

what is atrial systole

A

The Atria contract, and ventricles relax forcing blood into the ventricles

24
Q

what is ventricular systole

A

The ventricles contract forcing blood out of ventricle into arteries and the atria relax and fill with blood

25
Q

what is diastole

A

Is when both atria and ventricles relax

26
Q

what is stroke volume

A

is the volume of blood forced from a ventricle of the heart with each contraction.

27
Q

what is cardiac output

A

is the amount of blood leaving one of the ventricles every minute.

28
Q

how do you calculate cardiac output

A

stroke volume x heart rate

29
Q

how is blood flow altered

A

by altering the diameter of blood vessels

30
Q

describe how blood vessels alter there diameter

A
  • arteries stretch to accommodate extra blood flow
  • Smooth muscle in arteries contracts to reduce diameter which reduces blood flow.
  • Smooth muscle in arteries relax to increase diameter which increases blood flow.
31
Q

can veins change their dimateretrer

A

no

32
Q

do arteries have valves

A

no

33
Q

do veins have valves

A

yes

34
Q

what type of walls do arteries have

A

thick, muscular, elastic walls

35
Q

what type of walls do veins have

A

have thin, inelastic walls with little muscle

36
Q

what is the difference between the left and right sides of the heart

A

The left ventricle is much thicker and muscular compared to the right ventricle which is thinner and less muscular because it has to pump blood all around the body

Human Biology Year 11 (79 decks)

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