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BACTERIOLOGY > Sterilization, Disinfection, and Antiseptics > Flashcards

Sterilization, Disinfection, and Antiseptics Flashcards

1
Q

Sterilization

A

Disinfection

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2
Q

Killing all forms of microbial life, including spores

A

Sterilization

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3
Q

Killing pathogenic microbes but not necessarily all microbes, prions, and spores

A

Disinfection

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4
Q

Removal of pathogenic microbes on inanimate objects to make them safe to handle or dispose

A

Decontamination

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5
Q

Factors affecting successful treatment

A

Organic load (e.g., blood, body fluids), type and number of organisms, germicide concentration, exposure time, object surface, temperature, pH, humidity, biofilm presence, and compatibility of germicides

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6
Q

Sterilization methods for critical items like surgical instruments, cardiac/urinary catheters, and ultrasound probes

A

Ethylene oxide, hydrogen peroxide gas plasma, cold sterilization chemicals

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7
Q

Sterilization methods for semi-critical items like respiratory therapy equipment, endoscopes, and laryngoscope blades

A

Cold sterilization chemicals

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8
Q

Disinfection methods for non-critical items like bedpans, blood pressure cuffs, and environmental surfaces (e.g., bed rails, floors)

A

Low or intermediate level disinfectant

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9
Q

Sterilization method using steam under pressure at 121°C, 15 psi for 15-30 minutes; used for broth and media sterilization

A

Moist heat: Autoclave

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10
Q

Autoclave steam under pressure for medical waste and used media sterilization

A

132°C, 15 psi, 30-60 min

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11
Q

Method that uses 100°C, 30 min, 3 consecutive days: 1st day kills vegetative cells, 2nd day kills spores, 3rd day eliminates remaining cells

A

Moist heat: Tyndallization/Fractional sterilization

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12
Q

Method for sterilizing Lowenstein Jensen medium at 70-80°C, 2 hours, 3 consecutive days

A

Inspissation

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13
Q

Method for sterilizing glassware, cotton swabs, oils, petrolatum, and powders at 160-170°C for 1.5-3 hours

A

Dry heat: Oven sterilization

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14
Q

Method for sterilizing research animals and medical waste at 870-980°C with clean airflow

A

Incineration

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15
Q

Method for sterilizing heat-sensitive materials (e.g., antibiotics, vaccines, carbohydrates) with pore sizes of 0.45-0.80 µm for liquids, 0.22 µm for parenteral solutions, and 0.1 µm for small viruses

A

Membrane filtration

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16
Q

Method for air filtration in isolation rooms, operating rooms, and biological safety cabinets with 0.3 µm filtration capacity

A

HEPA filter

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17
Q

Method for sterilizing disposables using high-energy gamma rays, suitable for syringes, blood tubes, catheters, and gloves

A

Ionizing/Gamma radiation

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18
Q

Most common gas sterilant for heat-sensitive material, but with lengthy cycle times and health hazards

A

Ethylene oxide (ETO)

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19
Q

Oxidizing agent used in sterilizing HEPA filters in BSCs, metals, and medical instruments like scissors with no toxic by-products

A

Vapor-phase hydrogen peroxide

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20
Q

Method that generates plasma by exciting hydrogen peroxide gas in an enclosed chamber under deep vacuum using radiofrequency or microwave energy

A

Hydrogen peroxide gas plasma (H2O2)

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21
Q

Kills vegetative bacteria but not spores

A

Boiling at 100°C for 15 minutes

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22
Q

Batch method pasteurization for food pathogens, preserving nutritional value and flavor

A

63°C for 30 minutes

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23
Q

Flash pasteurization method for food pathogens with minimal nutrient damage

A

72°C for 15 seconds

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24
Q

Bailey’s pasteurization method to kill food pathogens

A

70°C for 30 minutes

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25
Q

Test for properly pasteurized milk to confirm absence of pathogens

A

Negative ALP/Phosphatase test

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26
Q

Non-penetrating radiation for disinfecting surfaces in BSC and contaminated rooms

A

Ultraviolet (UV) rays (long wavelength, low energy); requires direct surface exposure

27
Q

Bioindicator for Autoclave

A

Geobacillus (Bacillus) stearothermophilus

28
Q

Bioindicator for Dry heat/Oven

A

Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus atrophaeus

29
Q

Bioindicator for Radiation

A

Bacillus pumilus

30
Q

Bioindicator for Gas sterilant (Ethylene oxide)

A

Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus atrophaeus

31
Q

Bioindicator clarification

A

Bacillus subtilis var. niger and Bacillus subtilis var. globigii are former names of Bacillus atrophaeus

32
Q

Common autoclave used

A

Gravity displacement autoclave

33
Q

Autoclave performance indicators

A
  1. Autoclave tape (white → black diagonal lines), 2. Autoclave strip (white → black), 3. Biological indicator (change of color after incubation)
34
Q

Kills bacteria, mycobacteria, viruses, and fungi but not spores

A

“Alcohol (60-90% v/v); 60-62% waterless alcohol-based products can substitute for handwashing”

35
Q

Common household disinfectant; kills bacteria, mycobacteria, viruses, fungi, and spores

A

“Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) 5.25-6.15%; Recommended 1:10 dilution for blood spills”

36
Q

Used for disinfecting drinking water and daily disinfection tasks

A

“Sodium hypochlorite stable for 1 month when stored in dark; 1 week if exposed to light”

37
Q

Disadvantage: can cause ocular, oropharyngeal, and esopharyngeal irritation

A

“Sodium hypochlorite”

38
Q

Disinfects BSC hoods; carcinogen; MTB survives despite treatment

A

“Formaldehyde 37% solution or gas form”

39
Q

Sporicidal for medical equipment in 3-10 hours; does not corrode lenses, metals, or rubber (e.g., bronchoscope)

A

“Glutaraldehyde”

40
Q

Disadvantage: can cause ocular and nasal irritation

A

“Glutaraldehyde”

41
Q

More stable than glutaraldehyde, requires no activation, no exposure monitoring, and is not a mucous membrane irritant

A

Ortho-Phthalaldehyde (OPA)

42
Q

Effective even in the presence of organic material; used for surface sterilization of surgical instruments; kills bacteria, fungi, and spores

A

“Peracetic acid plus hydrogen peroxide”

43
Q

Cold sterilization for medical equipment; kills bacteria, fungi, and spores

A

“Glutaraldehyde, Orthophthalaldehyde (OPA), Peracetic acid plus hydrogen peroxide”

44
Q

Kills bacteria, mycobacteria, viruses, fungi, and spores; used in household cleaning materials

A

“3% Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2)”

45
Q

Used in lab testing for catalase and superoxol tests; higher concentrations available

A

“30% Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2)”

46
Q

Used on bench tops, surfaces, floors, furniture, and walls; inactivated by organic compounds; non-tuberculocidal, non-sporicidal

A

“Quaternary ammonium compounds (Quats), Example: Zephiran (Benzalkonium chloride)”

47
Q

Derived from carbolic acid; kills bacteria, mycobacteria, viruses, and fungi; not sporicidal

A

Phenolics (e.g., Ortho-phenylphenol, Ortho-benzyl-para-chlorophenol)

48
Q

Used for blood culture and surgery; contact time for iodophor must be >30 seconds; iodine must be removed to avoid irritation; not sporicidal

A

“Iodine (Tincture of iodine, Iodine + Alcohol)”

49
Q

Contains iodine and neutral polymer; used as a skin disinfectant; not sporicidal

A

Iodophor (Povidone-Iodine, Poloxamer-Iodine)

50
Q

Used to kill bacteria, mycobacteria, viruses, and fungi; not sporicidal

A

Alcohol (Ethyl alcohol)

51
Q

Stable, biodegradable, and active in the presence of organic materials; kills bacteria, mycobacteria, viruses, fungi; not sporicidal

A

Phenolics (Ortho-phenylphenol, Ortho-benzyl-para-chlorophenol)

52
Q

Has high antimicrobial activity (better than iodine), low toxicity; more effective on gram(+) bacteria; less effective on fungi and mycobacteria; not effective on naked viruses

A

Chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG)

53
Q

Effective for outbreaks of gram(+) infections; primarily effective against gram(+), not effective on gram(-), fungi, viruses, or mycobacteria

A

Hexachlorophene

54
Q

Halogen-substituted phenolic compound; primarily effective against gram(+); not affected by organic compounds; less effective on gram(-), fungi, viruses, and mycobacteria

A

Chloroxylenol

55
Q

Added to household products for bacterial contamination prevention; effective against gram(+), gram(-), and viruses; fair effectiveness on mycobacteria; less effective on fungi

A

Triclosan

56
Q

Economical alternative to expensive antiseptics; used for cleaning chronic wounds, handwashing, and disinfection of equipment and surfaces; requires onsite preparation

A

Superoxidized water (Hypochlorous acid + Chlorine)

57
Q

Prevents ophthalmia neonatorum caused by N. gonorrhoeae; substitutes: erythromycin ointment or eye drops, or povidone-iodine; no longer manufactured in the US

A

1% silver nitrate;

58
Q

Used as skin antiseptic before; no longer in use

A

Heavy metals (Mercurial chloride)

59
Q

Most Resistant arrangement for sterilization

A

Prions > Endospore > Mycobacteria > Naked/Nonlipid viruses > Fungi > Bacteria > Enveloped/Lipid viruses

60
Q

Most Sensitive arrangement for sterilization

A

Enveloped/Lipid viruses > Bacteria > Fungi > Naked/Nonlipid viruses > Mycobacteria > Endospore > Prions

61
Q

Method of Killing Prions: Autoclave (Prevacuum sterilizer)

A

134°C for 18 minutes

62
Q

Method of Killing Prions: Autoclave (Gravity displacement sterilizer)

A

132°C for 1 hour

63
Q

Method of Killing Prions: 1 N NaOH Immersion and Autoclave (Prevacuum sterilizer)

A

Immersion for 1 hour, then autoclave at 134°C for 1 hour

64
Q

Method of Killing Prions: Autoclave (Gravity displacement sterilizer)

A

121°C for 30 minutes

BACTERIOLOGY (49 decks)

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