General Biology

Question 1

Prokaryotes (Prenucleus)

Answer 1

Single cellular except Cyanobacteria

Question 2

Prokaryotes Domain 1

Answer 2

Bacteria (Environmental cyanobacteria/blue-green algae and Medically relevant bacteria)

Question 3

Prokaryotes Domain 2

Answer 3

Archaea (Extreme habitats: high salt conc, jet fuel, high temperature)

Question 4

Prokaryotes Characteristics

Answer 4

Circular chromosome, Cell wall with peptidoglycan

Question 5

Eukaryotes (True nucleus)

Answer 5

Fungi and Parasites; Single or Multicellular organisms

Question 6

Eukaryotes Characteristics

Answer 6

Linear chromosome, Cell wall with NO peptidoglycan

Question 7

Infectious Particles

Answer 7

Viruses - Host-dependent infectious agents

Question 8

Infectious Particles

Answer 8

Prions – Abnormal infectious proteins

Question 9

TAXA

Answer 9

Domain – Kingdom – Phylum – Class – Order – Family – Genus – Species

Question 10

Microbial Nomenclature

Answer 10

Binomial system; Latin/Greek-derived; Italicized or Underlined

Question 11

Genus

Answer 11

First letter in UPPERCASE

Question 12

Species

Answer 12

First letter in lowercase

Question 13

Classification, nomenclature, and identification of organisms

Answer 13

Taxonomy

Question 14

Variations in gene expression not caused by nucleic acid sequence similarities or differences

Answer 14

Epigenetics

Question 15

Organizing microorganisms into groups based on similar traits

Answer 15

Classification

Question 16

Methods providing microbiologists with relevant clinical information about a microorganism

Answer 16

Identification

Question 17

Naming microorganisms according to ICNP rules

Answer 17

Nomenclature

Question 18

Same species with same genetic make-up but with differential physiologic characteristics

Answer 18

Biotype/Biovar

Question 19

A strain differentiated based on antigen types using specific antibodies

Answer 19

Serotype/Serovar

Question 20

Specific version or subtype of an organism with minor differences

Answer 20

Strain

Question 21

Characterization of etiologic agents using molecular techniques during an outbreak

Answer 21

Strain Typing/Sequencing

Question 22

Macroscopic and microscopic morphology, staining characteristics, environmental & nutritional requirements, resistance profiles, antigenic & subcellular properties, chemotaxonomic properties

Answer 22

Phenotypic

Question 23

DNA base composition ratio, nucleic acid base sequence, average nucleotide identity (ANI), genome-to-genome distance

Answer 23

Genotypic

Question 24

Ability of a microorganism to produce disease in a host

Answer 24

Pathogenicity

Question 25

Degree of damage caused by a microorganism to the host; degree of pathogenicity

Answer 25

Virulence

Question 26

Growth of microorganisms that result in damage to host

Answer 26

Infection

Question 27

Ingestion of preformed bacterial toxins present in food

Answer 27

Intoxication

Question 28

Infection transmitted by direct contact between reservoir and host

Answer 28

Direct Transmission

Question 29

Infection transmitted to host via intervening agents (vectors or vehicles)

Answer 29

Indirect Transmission

Question 30

Results when infection produces notable changes in human physiology associated with damage or loss of function in one or more organ systems

Answer 30

Disease

Question 31

Result of regular interaction with animals for food production

Answer 31

Livestock-associated Infection

Question 32

Larger than normal number of diseased or infected individuals over a short period

Answer 32

Outbreak

Question 33

Epidemiologic investigation involving data collection to characterize circumstances surrounding disease or infection

Answer 33

Surveillance

Question 34

Father of microbiology; 1st microbiologist, 1st to describe bacteria

Answer 34

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

Question 35

Phenol as antimicrobial

Answer 35

Joseph Lister

Question 36

Father of Epidemiology

Answer 36

John Snow

Question 37

Proposed heat in killing bacteria (aseptic technique) and pasteurization

Answer 37

Louis Pasteur

Question 38

Father of Taxonomy

Answer 38

Carl von Linne

Question 39

Germ theory; Anthrax & Tuberculosis

Answer 39

Robert Koch

Question 40

Father of Handwashing/Hospital hygiene; 80% decline in nosocomial infections

Answer 40

Ignaz Semmelweis

Question 41

Endospore survival on boiling

Answer 41

Ferdinand Cohn

Question 42

Father of virology; discovery of virus; use of enrichment and selective media

Answer 42

Martinus Beijerinck

Question 43

Theory of chemolithotrophs; use of enrichment and selective media

Answer 43

Sergei Winogradsky

Question 44

Discovered HIV that causes AIDS

Answer 44

Luc Montagnier

Question 45

Developed >40 vaccines: against Hepatitis A and B, Measles, Mumps, Rubella, S. meningitidis, S. pneumoniae

Answer 45

Maurice Hilleman

Question 46

Developed Gram stain technique

Answer 46

Hans Christian Gram

Question 47

Inventor of PCR

Answer 47

Karry Mullis

Question 48

Developed petri dish

Answer 48

Julius Richard Petri

Question 49

Use of agar culture media instead of gelatin

Answer 49

Fanny Hesse