Psych 417 Exam 1

Question 1

Ch 1 q1: single groups vs between groups

Answer 1

Single case studies a repeated measure of Bx over time. Groups takes the outcome of large groups and compares.

Question 2

Ch 1 q2 applied research focuses on what applications, settings, and population

Answer 2

Applications: can be used for evaluating effects of individuals learning to read, or reducing crime in a neighborhood.
Settings: homes, office, schools, and business industry.
Population: any pop in need of care, assistance, or treatment in ways to reduce behavior impairment or increasing functioning

Question 3

Ch. 1 q3. Primary goal of research.

Answer 3

To develop, treat, educate, change, help or have impact in some immediate way.

Question 4

Ch1. Q5 single case vs. quantitative analysis

Answer 4

Quantitative compares groups rather than evaluating interventions within the same subject over time.

Question 5

Ch1. Q9: explain “research is about drawing scientifically valid inferences”

Answer 5

Research is about taking a relatively small population a attain results that cal reliably be produced by the greater pop.

Question 6

Ch1. Q11: why did skinner focus on frequency.

Answer 6

Frequency shows us a continuous measure of ongoing behavior. Skinner focused on it because it reflect immediate changes as a function of changing environmental conditions.

Question 7

Ch1. Q18. Single case design and quality care

Answer 7

People want to know if treatments, educational regimens, and policies are working in the settings an with the client. Increases interest in having data-based answers to these questions and weaving them in with service delivery

Question 8

Ch1. Q19: core ingredients for research methodology.

Answer 8

Assessment experimental, design and data collection.

Question 9

Ch1. Q20: foundation purpose of research

Answer 9

To draw valid inferences. Inferences that we can be confident that there are no biases that could explain the findings. One major way of doing this is by using experimentation.

Question 10

Ch2. Q5. Primary types of validity and issues/questions

Answer 10

1. Internal: focuses on the variables involved in the experiment. Ask, “to what extent can the intervention rather than extraneous values be considered to account for the results among the conditions.
2. External: to what extent can the results be generalized to people, settings, times, and characteristics other than those included in the demonstration.
3. Construct: Why!! did the intervention produce the effect. What was the mechanism for change.
4. Data-evaluation- to what extent is the relation shown, demonstrated, or evident between the intervention and the outcome.

Question 11

Ch2. Q6: major threats to each type of validity.

Answer 11

1. Internal: Any event occurring at the time of the experiment that could influence the results or account for the pattern of data otherwise attributed to the intervention.
2. External- “The extent to which the results can be extended to subjects or clients whose characteristics may differ from those included in the investigation.
3. construct- “The extent to which an increase of attention to the client/participant during the intervention phase or lack of attention during nonintervention phases could plausibly explain the effects attributed to the intervention.
4. Data-Evaluation- Error in the measurement procedures that introduces excessive variability that that obscures an intervention effect” (Kazdin, 2011, p. 30).

Question 12

Ch2. Q7. 3 primary components to single case research design

Answer 12

Assessment, experimental design and data evaluation

Question 13

Ch3. Q1. Frequently used criteria for identifying goals for a program.

Answer 13

1. Setting: the context to which certain responses are more/less desirable in that setting.
2. Maladaptive Bx: defined by the severity of the problem and the extent to which it impacts daily functioning.
3. The stated concerns of the consumer and related direct benefit to them ( toilet training)
4. Potential for more severe problem to emerge if left unaddressed.

Question 14

Ch3. Q3: operational definition

Answer 14

An empirical description of the variables to be observed

b. Foundation of any measurement or data collection system
c. To establish reliability and validity
d. To determine the extent to which certain variables will benefit more/less from specific environmental manipulations
e. To track and document changes in behavior-environment relations over time

Question 15

Ch4. Q1: when do you use frequency measure an how do you obtain rate of response

Answer 15

Use for discrete responses with a clear beginning and end.

Rate= frequency/time

Question 16

Ch4. Q4 benefits with using contrived over naturalistic.

Answer 16

a. Greater control of potential extraneous/confounding variables
b. Isolation of target responses allows for a more detailed analysis
c. More likely to demonstrate reliability