Neuroanatomy Flashcards
1
Q
CNS
A
brain
brainstem
spinal cord
- gray matter- consists of unmyelinated neurons and contains capillaries, glial cells, cell bodies, and dendrites
- white matter- consists of myelinated axons and contains nerve fibers without dendrites
2
Q
forebrain
A
prosencephalon
- telencephalon: cerebrum, hippocampus, basal ganglia, amygdala
- diencephalon: thalamus, hypothalamus, subthalamus, epithalamus
3
Q
midbrain
A
mesencephalon
- tectum: superior and inferior colliculi
- tegmentum: cerebral aqueduct, periaqueductal gray, reticular formation, substantia nigra, red nucleus
4
Q
hindbrain
A
rhombencephalon
- metacephalon: cerebellum
- myelencephalon: medulla oblongata
5
Q
PNS
A
cranial nerves and ganglia
spinal nerves and ganglia/plexuses
- spinal nerves have an anterior root carrying motor away from CNS
- spinal nerves have posterior root carrying sensory to CNS
- ganglia are clusters or swellings of cells that give rise to the peripheral and central nerve fibers
6
Q
ANS
A
sympathetic division
- prepares body for emergency response; norepinephrine neurotransmitter; generally a stimulating response
parasympathetic
- conserving and restoring energy; acetylcholine neurotransmitter; generally an inhibitory response
- concerned with innervation for involuntary processes, glands, internal organs, and smooth muscle
- emphasis on homeostasis and response to stress
- impulses often do not reach conscious
7
Q
Somatic nervous system
A
- peripheral and motor nerve fibers
- peripheral nerve fibers send sensory to CNS
- motor send info to skeletal muscle
- somatic motor neurons travel directly to skeletal muscle without intervening synapses
- all nerve fibers are myelinated
- controls voluntary movements and provides ability to sense touch, smell, sight, taste, and sound
8
Q
limbic system
A
corpus callosum olfactory tract mammillary bodies fornix thalamic nuclei amygdala hippocampus parahippocampal gyrus cingulate gyrus hypothalamic nuclei
- involved in the control and expression of mood and emotion, processing and storage of recent memory, olfaction, control of appetite, and emotional responses to food
- lesions to the limbic system can also result in a variety of behaviors including aggression, extreme fearfulness, altered sexual behavior, and changes in motivation
9
Q
Cerebrum
A
- encompasses the major portion of the brain
10
Q
left hemisphere
A
- language
- sequence and perform movements
- understand language
- produce written and spoken language
- analytical
- controlled
- logical
- rational
- mathematical calculations
- express positive emotions such as love and happiness
- process verbally coded info in organized, logical, sequential manner
11
Q
right hemisphere
A
- nonverbal processing
- process info in a holistic manner
- artistic abilities
- general concept comprehension
- hand-eye coordination
- spatial relationships
- kinesthetic awareness
- understand music
- understand nonverbal communication
- math reasoning
- express negative emotions
- body image awareness
12
Q
frontal lobe
A
function
- voluntary movement, intellect, orientation
- Brocas area (left hemisphere: speech, concentration
- personality, temper, judgment, reasoning, behavior, self-awareness, executive function
impairment
- contralateral weakness
- perseveration, inattention
- personality changes, antisocial behavior
- impaired concentration, apathy
- brocas aphasia
- delayed or poor initiation
- emotional lability
13
Q
parietal lobe
A
function
- associated with sensation of touch, kinesthesia, perception of vibration, and temperature
- receives info regarding hearing, vision, motor, sensory, and memory
- provides meaning for objects
- interprets language and words
- spatial and visual perception
impairments
- dominant hemisphere: agraphia, alexia, agnosia
- nondominant hemisphere: dressing apraxia, constructional apraxia, anosognosia
- contralateral sensory deficits
- impaired language comprehension
- impaired taste
14
Q
temporal lobe
A
function
- primary auditory processing and olfaction
- wernickes area: ability to understand and produce meaningful speech, verbal and general memory, assists with understanding language
- the rear of the temporal lobe enables humans to interpret other peoples emotions and reactions
impairment
- learning deficits
- wernickes aphasia
- antisocial, aggressive behaviors
- difficulty with facial recognition
- difficulty with memory, memory loss
- inability to categorize objects
15
Q
occipital lobe
A
function
- main processing center for visual info
- processes visual info regarding colors, light, and shape
- judgement of distance, seeing in three dimensions
impairment
- homonymous hemianopsia
- impaired extraocular muscle movement and visual deficits
- impaired color recognition
- reading and writing impairment
- cortical blindness with bilateral lobe involvement
16
Q
hippocampus
A
- embedded within the lower temporal lobe
- responsible for the process of forming and storing new memories of one’s personal history and other declarative memory
- important in learning language
- sends memories to appropriate areas of the cerebral hemispheres for long-term storage and retrieves memories when needed
17
Q
Basal ganglia
A
- gray matter masses located deep within the white matter of the cerebrum and include the caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, and subthalamic nuclei
- basal ganglia are collectively responsible for voluntary movement, regulation of autonomic movement, posture, muscle tone, and control of motor responses
- basal ganglia dysfunction has been associated with conditions including parkinsons, huntingtons, tourettes, ADD, OCD, and addiction
18
Q
amygdala
A
- located within the temporal lobes on both sides
- lies adjacent to the hippocampus and just beneath the surface of the front, medial portion of the temporal lobe
- its position results in bulge on surface called the uncus
- main function is emotional and social processing
- is involved with fear and pleasure responses, arousal, processing of memory, and the formation of emotional memories
19
Q
thalamus
A
- a relay or processing station for the majority of info that goes to the cerebral cortex
- coordinates sensory perception and movement with other parts of the brain and spinal cord that also have a role in sensation and movement
- receives info from cerebellum, basal ganglia, and all sensory pathways except for the olfactory tract
- then relays the info to the appropriate association cortex
- damage to thalamus can produce thalamic pain syndrome where there is spontaneous pain on the contralateral side of the body to the thalamic lesion
20
Q
hypothalamus
A
- receives and integrates info from the ANS and assists in regulating hormones
- controls functions such as hunger, thirst, sexual behavior, and sleeping
- regulates body temp, adrenal glands, pituitary gland
- located below the thalamus at the base of diencephalon
- lesions can produce obesity, sexual disinterest, poor temperature control, and diabetes insipidus
21
Q
subthalamus
A
- located between thalamus and hypothalamus
- primarily represented by the subthalamic nucleus
- important for regulating movements produced by skeletal muscles
- associated with basal ganglia and substantia nigra
