Gait

Question 1

ROM hip flexion

Answer 1

0-30

Question 2

ROM hip extension

Answer 2

0-10

Question 3

ROM knee flexion

Answer 3

0-60

Question 4

ROM knee extension

Answer 4

0 degrees

Question 5

ROM ankle dorsiflexion

Answer 5

0-10

Question 6

ROM ankle plantar flexion

Answer 6

0-20

Question 7

base of support

Answer 7

distance measured between left and right foot during gait
bos decreases as cadence increases
average bos for adults is 2-4 inches

Question 8

cadence

Answer 8

number of steps an individual walks in a minute

average for adult is 110-120

Question 9

degree of toe out

Answer 9

angle formed by each foot’s line of progression and a line intersecting the center of the heel and second toe
average for adults is 7 degrees

Question 10

double support phase

Answer 10

the two times during gait cycle that the feet are on the ground
does not exist during running

Question 11

pelvic rotation

Answer 11

pelvic rotation occurs opposite of the thorax in order to maintain balance and regulate speed
average for adults is 8 (4 degrees forward with swing leg and 4 degrees backward with stance leg)

Question 12

single support phase

Answer 12

occurs when only one foot is on the ground

Question 13

step length

Answer 13

distance measured between right heel strike and left heel strike
average step length for an adult is 28 inches

Question 14

stride length

Answer 14

distance measured between right heel strike and right heel strike
average stride length is 56 inches

Question 15

antalgic

Answer 15

• stance time is decreased to avoid veight bearing on the involved side due to pain
• associated with a rapid and shorter swing phase of the uninvolved limb
• causes include disease, joint inflammation, injuries to muscles, tendons, or ligaments

Question 16

ataxic

Answer 16

• staggering and unsteadiness

- usually a wide base of support and movements are exaggerated

Question 17

cerebellar

Answer 17

staggering gait seen in cerebellar disease

Question 18

circumduction

Answer 18

• characterized by circular motion to advance the leg during swing phase
• may be used to compensate for insufficient hip or knee flexion or dorsiflexion

Question 19

double step

Answer 19

gait pattern in which alternate steps are of different length or at a different rate

Question 20

equine

Answer 20

• characterized by high steps

- usually involves excessive activity of the gastroc

Question 21

festinating

Answer 21

• patient walks on toes as though being pushed

- starts slowly, increases, and may continue until the patient grasps an object to stop

Question 22

hemiplegic

Answer 22

• in which patients abduct the paralyzed limb, swing it around, and bring it forward so the foot comes to the grown in front of them

Question 23

parkinsonion

Answer 23

• marked by increased forward flexion of the trunk and knees

- shuffling with quick and small steps, festinating may occur

Question 24

scissor

Answer 24

a gait pattern in which the legs cross midline upon advancement

Question 25

spastic

Answer 25

- a gait pattern with stiff movement; toes seeming to catch and drag, legs held together, and hip and knee joints slightly flexed - spastic paraplegia

Question 26

steppage

Answer 26

the feet and toes are lifted through hip and knee flexion to excessive heights; secondary to dorsiflexor weakness - foot slap at initial contact with the ground secondary to the decreased control

Question 27

tabetic

Answer 27

- high stepping ataxic gait pattern in which the feet slap the ground

Question 28

trendelenburg

Answer 28

- gait pattern that denotes glute med weakness | - excessive lateral trunk flexion and weight shifting over stance leg

Question 29

vaulting

Answer 29

- a gait pattern were the swing leg advances by compensating through the combination of elevation of the pelvis and plantar flexion of the stance leg

Question 30

foot slap causes

Answer 30

- weak dorsiflexors | - dorsiflexor paralysis

Question 31

toe down instead of heel strike causes

Answer 31

- plantar flexor spasticity - plantar flexor contracture - weak dorsiflexors - dorsiflexor paralysis - leg length discrepancy - hindfoot pain

Question 32

clawing of toes causes

Answer 32

- toe flexor spasticity | - positive support reflex

Question 33

heel lift during midstance causes

Answer 33

- insufficient dorsiflexion range | - plantar flexor spasticity

Question 34

no toe off causes

Answer 34

- forefoot/toe pain - weak plantar flexors - weak toe flexors - insufficient plantar flexion range of motion

Question 35

exaggerated knee flexion at contact causes

Answer 35

- weak quad - quad paralysis\ - hamstring spasticity - insufficient extension range of motion

Question 36

hyperextension in stance causes

Answer 36

- compensation for weak quad | - plantar flexor contracture

Question 37

exaggerated knee flexion at terminal stance cause-

Answer 37

- knee flexion contracture | - hip flexion contracture

Question 38

insufficient flexion with swing causes

Answer 38

- knee effusion - quad extension spasticity - plantar flexor spasticity - insufficient flexion range of motion

Question 39

excessive flexion with swing causes

Answer 39

- flexor withdrawal reflex | - lower extremity flexor synergy

Question 40

insufficient hip flexion at initial contact causes

Answer 40

- weak hip flexors - hip flexor paralysis - hip extensor spasticity - insufficient hip flexion range of motion

Question 41

insufficient hip extension at stance causes

Answer 41

- insufficient hip extension range of motion - hip flexion contracture - lower extremity flexor synergy

Question 42

circumduction during swing causes

Answer 42

- compensation for weak hip flexors - compensation for weak dorsiflexors - compensation for weak hamstrings

Question 43

hip hiking during swing causes

Answer 43

- compensation for weak dorsiflexors - compensation for weak knee flexors - compensation for extensor synergy pattern

Question 44

exaggerated hip flexion during swing causes

Answer 44

- lower extremity flexor synergy | - compensation for insufficient ankle dorsiflexion