Anatomy- Cardiopulmonary Flashcards
1
Q
Apex
A
- lowest part of the heart formed by the inferolateral part of the left ventricle
- projects anteriorly and to the left at the level of the 5th intercostal space and the left midclavicular line
2
Q
Base
A
- upper border of the heart involving the left atrium, part of the right atrium, and the proximal portions of the great vessels
- lies approximately below the second rib at the level of the second intercostal space
3
Q
Endocardium
A
- the endothelial tissue that lines the interior of the heart chambers and valves
4
Q
epicardium
A
- the serous layer of the pericardium
- contains the epicardial coronary arteries and veins, autonomic nerves, and lymphatics
5
Q
myocardium
A
- thick contractile middle layer of muscle cells that forms the bulk of the heart wall
6
Q
pericardium
A
- a double-walled connective tissue sac that surrounds the outside of the heart and great vessels
7
Q
Atrial septum
A
- wall between atria
8
Q
ventricular septum
A
- wall between ventricles
9
Q
atrioventricular valves
A
- between the atria and ventricles
10
Q
tricuspid valve
A
- on the right side
11
Q
mitral valve
A
- on the left side
12
Q
Coronary Arteries
A
- a network of progressively smaller vessels that carry oxygenated blood to the myocardium
- right and left coronary arteries arise from the ascending aorta just beyond where the aorta leaves the LV
- these arteries supply the myocardium
13
Q
right coronary artery branches
A
- sinus node artery
- right marginal artery
- posterior descending artery
14
Q
left coronary artery branches
A
- circumflex artery
- left anterior descending artery
15
Q
sinus node artery supplies
A
right atrium
16
Q
right marginal artery supplies
A
right ventricle
17
Q
posterior descending artery supplies
A
inferior walls of both ventricles
inferior portion of the interventricular septum
18
Q
circumflex artery supplies
A
left atrium
posterior and lateral walls of left ventricle
anterior and inferior walls of left ventricle
19
Q
left anterior descending artery supplies
A
anterior portion of the interventricular septum
20
Q
coronary venous system
A
- includes the coronary sinus, cardiac veins, and thebesian veins
- the great cardiac vein, small and middle cardiac veins drain into the coronary sinus, emptying into the right atrium
- thebesian veins arise in the myocardium and drain into all chambers of the heart but primarily into the right atrium and right ventricle
21
Q
cardiac conduction system
A
- includes the sinoatrial node, internodal tracts, atrioventricular node, common AV bundle (bundle of His), right and left bundle brances, and purkinje fibers
22
Q
SA node
A
pacemaker of the heart
23
Q
Bachmann bundle
A
appears to conduct the cardiac impulse preferentially from the right to the left atrium
24
Q
Bundle of His
A
- at lower end of AV node
- passes to the interventricular septum and divides into right and left bundle branches
25
Innervation of heart
- the vagus and sympathetic cardiac nerves converge to form the cardiac plexus at the base of the heart
26
sympathetic influence of the heart
achieved by release of epinephrine and norepinephrine
- nerves stimulating chambers to beat faster is chronotropic effect
- nerves stimulating chambers to beat with more force is inotropic effect
27
parasympathetic influence on the heart
achieved via acetylcholine release from the vagus nerve
| - nerves stimulating chambers to beat slower is chronotropic effect
28
Normal adult blood volume
4.5-5 L
| womens is slightly less
29
hypovolemia
decreased blood volume, specifically the volume of plasma
30
causes of hypovolemia
bleeding
dehydration from vomiting, diarrhea, sweating
severe burns
diuretic medications
31
signs and symptoms of hypovolemia
orthostatic hypotension
tachycardia
elevated body temperature
32
hypervolemia
- fluid overload
| - increased blood plasma
33
causes of hypervolemia
excess intake of fluid
| sodium or fluid retention
34
signs and symptoms of hypervolemia
swelling in the legs
ascites
fluid in the lungs
35
plasma
- liquid component of blood
- consists of water, electrolytes, and proteins
- accounts for more than half of the total blood volume
- important in regulating blood pressure and temperature
36
red blood cells
- make up 40% of blood volume
| - contain hemoglobin, which enables the RBC to bind to oxygen
37
anemia
- red blood cells are too low
| - the blood carries less oxygen, causing weakness and fatigue
38
polycythemia
(erythrocytes)
- red blood cells are too high
- blood is too thick, increasing the risk of stroke or heart attack
39
blood platelets
(thrombocytes)
| - assist in blood clotting by clumping together at bleeding site and forming a plug that helps to seal the blood vessel
40
thrombocytopenia
- low number of platelets
| - increases the risk for bruising and abnormal bleeding
41
thrombocythemia
- high number of platelets
| - increases the risk of thrombosis, which may result in a heart attack or stroke
42
white blood cells
(leukocytes)
| - protect against infection
43
leukopenia
- low number of white blood cells
| - increases the risk of infection
44
leukocytosis
- abnormally high number of white blood cells
- can indicate an infection
- 5 types
neutrophils
lymphocytes
monocytes
eosinophils
basophils
45
neutrophils
help protect the body against infections by ingesting bacteria and debris
46
lymphocytes
three types
- T lymphocytes and natural killer cells
- - protect against viral infections and can detect and destroy some cancer cells
- B lymphocytes
- - develop into cells that produce antibodies
47
monocytes
ingest dead or damaged cells and help defend against infectious organisms
48
eosinophils
kill parasites, destroy cancer cells, and are involved in allergic responses
49
basophils
participate in allergic responses
50
muscles of inspiration
diaphragm and external intercostals
51
muscles of forceful expiration
rectus abdominis
external oblique
internal oblique
transverse abdominis
52
upper respiratory tract
nasal cavity
pharynx
larynx
-gas conduits, also humidify, cool or warm air, filter foreign matter
53
lower respiratory tract
- extends from the larynx to the alveoli in the lungs and consists of the conducting airways and the terminal respiratory units
54
right lung
upper
middle
lower
10 bronchopulmonary segments
55
left lung
upper
lower
lingula
8 bronchopulmonary segments
56
innervation of the lungs
innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves containing efferent and afferent fibers
