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NPTE Prep > Anatomy- Cardiopulmonary > Flashcards

Anatomy- Cardiopulmonary Flashcards

1
Q

Apex

A
  • lowest part of the heart formed by the inferolateral part of the left ventricle
  • projects anteriorly and to the left at the level of the 5th intercostal space and the left midclavicular line
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2
Q

Base

A
  • upper border of the heart involving the left atrium, part of the right atrium, and the proximal portions of the great vessels
  • lies approximately below the second rib at the level of the second intercostal space
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3
Q

Endocardium

A
  • the endothelial tissue that lines the interior of the heart chambers and valves
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4
Q

epicardium

A
  • the serous layer of the pericardium

- contains the epicardial coronary arteries and veins, autonomic nerves, and lymphatics

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5
Q

myocardium

A
  • thick contractile middle layer of muscle cells that forms the bulk of the heart wall
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6
Q

pericardium

A
  • a double-walled connective tissue sac that surrounds the outside of the heart and great vessels
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7
Q

Atrial septum

A
  • wall between atria
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8
Q

ventricular septum

A
  • wall between ventricles
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9
Q

atrioventricular valves

A
  • between the atria and ventricles
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10
Q

tricuspid valve

A
  • on the right side
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11
Q

mitral valve

A
  • on the left side
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12
Q

Coronary Arteries

A
  • a network of progressively smaller vessels that carry oxygenated blood to the myocardium
  • right and left coronary arteries arise from the ascending aorta just beyond where the aorta leaves the LV
  • these arteries supply the myocardium
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13
Q

right coronary artery branches

A
  • sinus node artery
  • right marginal artery
  • posterior descending artery
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14
Q

left coronary artery branches

A
  • circumflex artery

- left anterior descending artery

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15
Q

sinus node artery supplies

A

right atrium

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16
Q

right marginal artery supplies

A

right ventricle

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17
Q

posterior descending artery supplies

A

inferior walls of both ventricles

inferior portion of the interventricular septum

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18
Q

circumflex artery supplies

A

left atrium
posterior and lateral walls of left ventricle
anterior and inferior walls of left ventricle

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19
Q

left anterior descending artery supplies

A

anterior portion of the interventricular septum

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20
Q

coronary venous system

A
  • includes the coronary sinus, cardiac veins, and thebesian veins
  • the great cardiac vein, small and middle cardiac veins drain into the coronary sinus, emptying into the right atrium
  • thebesian veins arise in the myocardium and drain into all chambers of the heart but primarily into the right atrium and right ventricle
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21
Q

cardiac conduction system

A
  • includes the sinoatrial node, internodal tracts, atrioventricular node, common AV bundle (bundle of His), right and left bundle brances, and purkinje fibers
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22
Q

SA node

A

pacemaker of the heart

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23
Q

Bachmann bundle

A

appears to conduct the cardiac impulse preferentially from the right to the left atrium

24
Q

Bundle of His

A
  • at lower end of AV node

- passes to the interventricular septum and divides into right and left bundle branches

25
Q

Innervation of heart

A
  • the vagus and sympathetic cardiac nerves converge to form the cardiac plexus at the base of the heart
26
Q

sympathetic influence of the heart

A

achieved by release of epinephrine and norepinephrine

  • nerves stimulating chambers to beat faster is chronotropic effect
  • nerves stimulating chambers to beat with more force is inotropic effect
27
Q

parasympathetic influence on the heart

A

achieved via acetylcholine release from the vagus nerve

- nerves stimulating chambers to beat slower is chronotropic effect

28
Q

Normal adult blood volume

A

4.5-5 L

womens is slightly less

29
Q

hypovolemia

A

decreased blood volume, specifically the volume of plasma

30
Q

causes of hypovolemia

A

bleeding
dehydration from vomiting, diarrhea, sweating
severe burns
diuretic medications

31
Q

signs and symptoms of hypovolemia

A

orthostatic hypotension
tachycardia
elevated body temperature

32
Q

hypervolemia

A
  • fluid overload

- increased blood plasma

33
Q

causes of hypervolemia

A

excess intake of fluid

sodium or fluid retention

34
Q

signs and symptoms of hypervolemia

A

swelling in the legs
ascites
fluid in the lungs

35
Q

plasma

A
  • liquid component of blood
  • consists of water, electrolytes, and proteins
  • accounts for more than half of the total blood volume
  • important in regulating blood pressure and temperature
36
Q

red blood cells

A
  • make up 40% of blood volume

- contain hemoglobin, which enables the RBC to bind to oxygen

37
Q

anemia

A
  • red blood cells are too low

- the blood carries less oxygen, causing weakness and fatigue

38
Q

polycythemia

A

(erythrocytes)

  • red blood cells are too high
  • blood is too thick, increasing the risk of stroke or heart attack
39
Q

blood platelets

A

(thrombocytes)

- assist in blood clotting by clumping together at bleeding site and forming a plug that helps to seal the blood vessel

40
Q

thrombocytopenia

A
  • low number of platelets

- increases the risk for bruising and abnormal bleeding

41
Q

thrombocythemia

A
  • high number of platelets

- increases the risk of thrombosis, which may result in a heart attack or stroke

42
Q

white blood cells

A

(leukocytes)

- protect against infection

43
Q

leukopenia

A
  • low number of white blood cells

- increases the risk of infection

44
Q

leukocytosis

A
  • abnormally high number of white blood cells
  • can indicate an infection
  • 5 types
    neutrophils
    lymphocytes
    monocytes
    eosinophils
    basophils
45
Q

neutrophils

A

help protect the body against infections by ingesting bacteria and debris

46
Q

lymphocytes

A

three types

  • T lymphocytes and natural killer cells
    • protect against viral infections and can detect and destroy some cancer cells
  • B lymphocytes
    • develop into cells that produce antibodies
47
Q

monocytes

A

ingest dead or damaged cells and help defend against infectious organisms

48
Q

eosinophils

A

kill parasites, destroy cancer cells, and are involved in allergic responses

49
Q

basophils

A

participate in allergic responses

50
Q

muscles of inspiration

A

diaphragm and external intercostals

51
Q

muscles of forceful expiration

A

rectus abdominis
external oblique
internal oblique
transverse abdominis

52
Q

upper respiratory tract

A

nasal cavity
pharynx
larynx

-gas conduits, also humidify, cool or warm air, filter foreign matter

53
Q

lower respiratory tract

A
  • extends from the larynx to the alveoli in the lungs and consists of the conducting airways and the terminal respiratory units
54
Q

right lung

A

upper
middle
lower

10 bronchopulmonary segments

55
Q

left lung

A

upper
lower
lingula

8 bronchopulmonary segments

56
Q

innervation of the lungs

A

innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves containing efferent and afferent fibers

NPTE Prep (74 decks)

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