Motor Learning Flashcards
Motor learning
the study of the acquisition or modification of movement
Adams closed loop theory
the first attempt at the creation of a comprehensive motor learning theory with the premise of sensory feedback as an ongoing process for the nervous system to compare current movement with stored information on memory of past movement; high emphasis on the concept of practice
Schmidt’s schema theory
construct relies on open loop control processes and a motor program concept; promotes clinical value of feedback and importance of variation with practice
Three stage of model of motor learning
cognitive stage
associate stage
autonomous stage
cognitive stage
- initial stage
- high concentration of conscious processing of information
- person will acquire information regarding the goal of the controlled environment is ideal for learning during this stage and participation is a must `1
characteristics of cognitive stage
- large amount of errors
- inconsistent attempts
- repetition of effort allows for improvement in strategies
- inconsistent performance
- high degree of cognitive work; listening, observing and processing feedback
Associative stage
- intermediate stage of learning
- person is able to independently distinguish correct versus incorrect performance
- links the feedback that has been received with the movement that has been performed and the ultimate goal
- the person can progress to a less structured or more open environment
- avoid excessive external feedback
characteristics of associative stage
- decreased errors with new skill performance
- decreased need for concentration and cognition regarding the activity
- skill refinement
- increased coordination of movement
- large amount of practice yields refinement of the motor program surrounding the activity
Autonomous stage
- final stage
- where a person improves the efficiency of the activity without a great need for cognitive control
- can perform the task with interference from a variable environment
characteristics of autonomous stage
- automatic response
- mainly error-free regardless of environment
- patterns of movement are non-cognitive and automatic
- distraction does not impact the activity
- the person can simultaneously perform more than one task if needed
- extrinsic feedback should be very limited or should not be provided
- internal feedback or self assessment should be dominant
intrinsic (inherent) feedback
- feedback that comes to the person through sensory systems
- visual, vestibular, proprioceptive, and somatosensory
extrinsic (augmented) feedback
- represents the info that can be provided while a task or movement is in progress or subsequent to the movement
- verbal feedback or manual contact
knowledge of results
- feedback regarding the outcome of a movement that has been performed in relation to the movements goals
knowledge of performance
- feedback that relates to the actual movement pattern that someone used to achieve their goal of movement
practice
- physical: allows for direct physical experience and kinesthetic stimulation to assist with acquisition of the skill
- mental: allows cognitive rehearsal of a task or experience without any physical movement
