Motor Learning Flashcards
Motor learning
the study of the acquisition or modification of movement
Adams closed loop theory
the first attempt at the creation of a comprehensive motor learning theory with the premise of sensory feedback as an ongoing process for the nervous system to compare current movement with stored information on memory of past movement; high emphasis on the concept of practice
Schmidt’s schema theory
construct relies on open loop control processes and a motor program concept; promotes clinical value of feedback and importance of variation with practice
Three stage of model of motor learning
cognitive stage
associate stage
autonomous stage
cognitive stage
- initial stage
- high concentration of conscious processing of information
- person will acquire information regarding the goal of the controlled environment is ideal for learning during this stage and participation is a must `1
characteristics of cognitive stage
- large amount of errors
- inconsistent attempts
- repetition of effort allows for improvement in strategies
- inconsistent performance
- high degree of cognitive work; listening, observing and processing feedback
Associative stage
- intermediate stage of learning
- person is able to independently distinguish correct versus incorrect performance
- links the feedback that has been received with the movement that has been performed and the ultimate goal
- the person can progress to a less structured or more open environment
- avoid excessive external feedback
characteristics of associative stage
- decreased errors with new skill performance
- decreased need for concentration and cognition regarding the activity
- skill refinement
- increased coordination of movement
- large amount of practice yields refinement of the motor program surrounding the activity
Autonomous stage
- final stage
- where a person improves the efficiency of the activity without a great need for cognitive control
- can perform the task with interference from a variable environment
characteristics of autonomous stage
- automatic response
- mainly error-free regardless of environment
- patterns of movement are non-cognitive and automatic
- distraction does not impact the activity
- the person can simultaneously perform more than one task if needed
- extrinsic feedback should be very limited or should not be provided
- internal feedback or self assessment should be dominant
intrinsic (inherent) feedback
- feedback that comes to the person through sensory systems
- visual, vestibular, proprioceptive, and somatosensory
extrinsic (augmented) feedback
- represents the info that can be provided while a task or movement is in progress or subsequent to the movement
- verbal feedback or manual contact
knowledge of results
- feedback regarding the outcome of a movement that has been performed in relation to the movements goals
knowledge of performance
- feedback that relates to the actual movement pattern that someone used to achieve their goal of movement
practice
- physical: allows for direct physical experience and kinesthetic stimulation to assist with acquisition of the skill
- mental: allows cognitive rehearsal of a task or experience without any physical movement
massed practice
practice time in a trial is greater than the amount of rest between trials
distributed practice
rest time between trials is equal to or is greater than the amount of practice time
constant practice
practice under uniform conditions
variable practice
practice under differing conditions
random practice
varying practice of different tasks
blocked practice
consistent practice of a single task
whole training
practice of an entire task
part training
practice of an individual component
