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Pathoma LAH > Neuro 17.1: Developmental Abnormalities > Flashcards

Neuro 17.1: Developmental Abnormalities Flashcards

1
Q

Spina bifida leads to _______.

A

meningocele or meningomyelocele

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2
Q

What is anencephaly?

A

failure of closure of the neural tube at the cranial end

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3
Q

What is a herniation of the spinal cord + meninges called?

A

meningomyelocele

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4
Q

_______ leads to meningocele or meningomyelocele.

A

Spina bifida

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5
Q

What is a failure of closure of the neural tube at the cranial end called?

A

anencephaly

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6
Q

What does the wall of the neural tube go on to develop?

A

the CNS

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7
Q

What does the lumen of the neural tube go on to develop?

A
  • the ventricles
  • spinal cord canal
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8
Q

Dx?

  • a congenital extension of the cerebellar tonsils thru the foramen magnum hydrocephalus
A

Arnold-Chiari malformation

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9
Q

Dx?

  • a congenital stenosis of the channel that drains the CSF from the 3rd and 4th ventricles enlarging head circumference
A

cerebral aqueduct stenosis

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10
Q

What is a herniation of only the meninges called?

A

meningocele

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11
Q

What is spina bifida?

A

failure of closure of the posterior vertebral arch at the caudal end

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12
Q

Why does hydrocephalus occur in Arnold-Chiari malformation?

A

CSF flow is obstructed

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13
Q

What causes a neural tube defect? When?

A
  • incomplete closure of the neural tube
  • due to low folate levels prior to conception
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14
Q

How does a Dandy-Walker malformation present?

A
  • massively dilated 4th ventricle
  • absent cerebellum
  • hydrocephalus
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15
Q

What are the s/s of a Type 2 Arnold-Chiari malformation?

A

CSF flow obstruction –> hydrocephalus

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16
Q

The neural plate invaginates to create a ______.

A

neural tube

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17
Q

How are folate levels detected in prenatal screenings?

A

low = elevated AFP in amniotic fluid and maternal blood

18
Q

Describe the flow of CSF, starting with the lateral ventricles.

A

lateral ventricles –> foramen of Monroe –> 3rd ventricle –> cerebral aqueduct –> 4th ventricle

19
Q

_____ leads to a dimple or patch of hair overlying the vertebral defect.

A

Spina bifida occulta

20
Q

Dx?

  • a congenital failure of the cerebellar vermis to develop
A

Dandy-Walker malformation

21
Q

How does cerebral aqueduct stenosis present?

A

an enlarging head circumference

22
Q

What does cerebral aqueduct stenosis cause?

A

accumulation of CSF in the ventricles

23
Q

An Arnold-Chiari malformation may occur in association with _______ and _______.

A
  • meningomyelocele
  • syringomyelia
24
Q

Why is polyhydramnios seen in anencephaly?

A
  • no brain = baby can’t swallow
  • no swallow = increased amniotic fluid = polyhydramnios
25
Q

What does anencephaly look like clinically in the baby and the mother?

A
  • absence of the skull and brain
  • frog-like appearance of the fetus (prominent eyes)
  • maternal polyhydramnios
26
Q

What is cerebral aqueduct stenosis?

A

a congenital stenosis of the channel that drains the CSF from the 3rd and 4th ventricles

27
Q

What is a meningocele?

A

a herniation of only the meninges

28
Q

What is a Dandy-Walker malformation?

A

a congenital failure of the cerebellar vermis to develop

29
Q

Dx?

  • absence of the skull and brain
  • frog-like appearance of the fetus
A

anencephaly

30
Q

What do the neural crests go on to develop?

A

the PNS

31
Q

What is a failure of closure of the neural tube at the caudal end called?

A

spina bifida (failure of posterior vertebral arch closure)

32
Q

Dx?

  • massively dilated 4th ventricle
  • absent cerebellum
  • hydrocephalus
A

Dandy-Walker malformation

33
Q

What makes CSF?

A

the choroid plexus

34
Q

What is the cerebellar vermis?

A

a separation of the 2 sides of the cerebelllum

35
Q

What is a meningomyelocele?

A

spinal cord + meninges

36
Q

Spina bifida occulta leads to _______.

A

a dimple or patch of hair overlying the vertebral defect

37
Q

lateral ventricles –> ______ –> 3rd ventricle –> cerebral aqueduct –> 4th ventricle

A

foramen of Monroe

38
Q

Where can a neural tube defect occur?

A

at the head or the tail of the spinal cord

39
Q

What is an Arnold-Chiari malformation?

A

a congenital extension of the cerebellar tonsils thru the foramen magnum

40
Q

What are the s/s of a Type I Arnold-Chiari malformation?

A

none

41
Q

What is the medical term for enlargement of the brain ventricles?

A

hydrocephalus

Pathoma LAH (77 decks)

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