Inflammation 2.1: Acute Pt. 1

Question 1

What activates TLRs?

Answer 1

PAMPs

Question 2

What does TLR activation cause?

Answer 2

upregulation of NF-kB

Question 3

What does upregulation of NF-kB cause?

Answer 3

nuclear transcription of immune response genes –> more mediators produced

Question 4

Where are TLRs found?

Answer 4

on cells of the innate immune system (macs, dendritic cells)

Question 5

What is CD14?

Answer 5

a TLR found on Macs that recognizes LPS on gram (-) bacteria

Question 6

Where is LPS found?

Answer 6

on the outer membrane of gram (-) bacteria

Question 7

What inhibits NF-kB?

Answer 7

glucocorticoids

Question 8

Where does arachidonic acid come from?

Answer 8

the phospholipid cell membrane by phospholipase A

Question 9

What is the key derivative of the COX pathway?

Answer 9

prostaglandin

Question 10

What do prostaglandins mediate?

Answer 10

vasodilation of arterioles, increased vascular permeability of the post capillary venule, and pain

Question 11

PGE2 mediates ____.

Answer 11

fever (fEEEEEEEEver)

Question 12

What does LTB4 (leukotriene B3) do?

Answer 12

it attracts and activates neutrophils

Question 13

Name 4 key mediators of neutrophil activation and attraction.

Answer 13

LTB4, C5A, IL-8, and bacterial products

Question 14

What do the leukotrienes do?

Answer 14

mediate vasoconstriction of arterioles, bronchospasm, and increased vascular permeability (smooth muscle contraction)

Question 15

From what do leukotrienes come from?

Answer 15

5-lipooxygenase

Question 16

Where are mast cells found?

Answer 16

in CT

Question 17

Name 3 ways that mast cells can become activated.

Answer 17

tissue trauma, complement proteins C3a and C5a, and cross-linking of cell-surface IgE by antigen

Question 18

What do macs produce in their delayed response?

Answer 18

arachidonic acid, leukotrienes

Question 19

Name 3 ways complement can be activated.

Answer 19

1. classical (C1 binds to IgG or IgM bound to antigen)
2. alternative pathway (microbial products)
3. MBL (mannose binding lectin)

Question 20

What happens in the classical pathway of complement pathway?

Answer 20

GM makes Classic cars

IgG or IgM activates it

Question 21

What happens in the alternative pathway of complement pathway?

Answer 21

microbial products activate it

Question 22

What happens in the MBL pathway of complement pathway?

Answer 22

MBL + mannose on microorganisms activates it

Question 23

All complement pathways lead to?

Answer 23

C3 convertase generation –> C3a and C3b –> C5 convertase formed –> C5a and C5b –> C6-C9 form MAC –> lysis of microorganism

Question 24

What do C3a and C5a do?

Answer 24

trigger mast cell degranulation

Question 25

What does C5a do?

Answer 25

it’s a neutrophil chemotactic

Question 26

What does C5b do?

Answer 26

it’s an opsonin for phagocytosis

Question 27

What does the MAC do?

Answer 27

lyses microbes by creating holes in the cell membrane

Question 28

What is Hageman factor?

Answer 28

a proinflammatory protein found in liver

Question 29

What does activated Hageman factor cause?

Answer 29

DIC in severe gram (-) sepsis

coag and fibrinolytic systems, complement

Question 30

What activates Hageman factor?

Answer 30

subendothelial or tissue collagen

Question 31

What does the kinin system do?

Answer 31

cleaves HMWK to bradykinin –> vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, and pain

Question 32

What are the 2 things that mediate pain in acute inflammation?

Answer 32

PGE2, bradykinin