MT M 5 problem set Flashcards
Name the four chambers and four valves in the heart.
Right and left atria, right and left ventricles, tricuspid valve, pulmonary valve, mitral valve, aortic valve. (Section 5.2.1 and 5.2.2 of module 5)
List the three layers of the heart muscle starting with the innermost layer
The endocardium, myocardium, and pericardium. (Section 5.2.1 of module 5)
What is the function of the right side of the heart? What is the function of the left side of the heart?
The function of the right side of the heart is to receive the deoxygenated blood from the body tissues and to pump it to the lungs. The function of the left side of the heart is to receive oxygenated blood from the lungs and to pump that blood out to the body tissues. (Section 5.2.2 of module 5)
Fill in the blanks (A through E) to complete the route of blood circulation starting and ending with the inferior and superior vena cava.
Inferior and superior vena cava, (A), tricuspid valve, right ventricle, (B), pulmonary artery, lungs, pulmonary vein, (C), (D), left ventricle, (E), aorta, arteries, arterioles, capillary bed, venules, veins, superior and inferior vena cava.
A-right atria, B-pulmonary valve, C-left atria, D-mitral valve, E-aortic valve (Figure 5.5 of module 5)
What is the function of the capillary bed?
The capillary bed consists of microscopic blood vessels that deliver oxygen and nutrients to the cells and removes CO2 and other waste products from the cells. (Section 5.2.4 of module 5)
Describe the flow of electricity through the heart. Where does the electricity initiate? What stimulates the contraction of the ventricles?
The flow of electricity starts in the sinoatrial node. It travels through the internodal pathway through the atria to the atrioventricular node. From the AV node, it travels to the bundle of His and then into the two bundle branches. The two bundle branches stimulate the ventricles to contract. (Section 5.2.5 of module 5)
Name the structures in the airway that are responsible for trapping foreign bodies in the air as it comes into the lungs.
The mucous membranes in the nose are responsible for producing mucus that traps bacteria, dust, pollen, and other foreign bodies in the air that is inhaled. (Section 5.6.1 of module 5)
What is a pulse? Name 2 of the 7 common pulse sites. Describe the difference between the systolic blood pressure and the diastolic blood pressure.
A pulse is the rhythmic wave in the wall of an artery that corresponds to the heartbeat. The common pulse sites are the temporal, carotid, brachial, radial, femoral, popliteal, and dorsalis pedis. The systolic blood pressure is the pressure when the heart contracts, and the blood is pumped against the artery walls. The diastolic blood pressure is the pressure in the artery when the heart is relaxed. (Section 5.2.6 of module 5)
Trace the flow of air from the entry point in the nose to the alveoli in the lungs.
Nose, nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli. (Sections 5.6.1 and 5.6.2 of module 5)
What holds the trachea always open and why is that important? What structures in the trachea prevent foreign bodies from entering the lungs?
The trachea is held open by cartilage, and this is important because the body constantly needs to breathe. The trachea is lined with a mucous membrane that is covered with cilia that can trap small foreign bodies in the trachea and can sweep them out of the windpipe. (Section 5.6.2 of module 5)
What is the primary muscle responsible for breathing? Define inspiration and expiration.
The primary muscle that is responsible for breathing is the diaphragm. Inspiration is the act of drawing air into the lungs when the diaphragm flattens and contracts. Expiration is the act of pushing air out of the lungs as the diaphragm relaxes and rises. (Section 5.6.4 and Figure 5.22 of module 5)
Which part of the brain controls the respiratory rate? Be familiar with the common respiratory rate ranges for a newborn, adolescent, and adult.
The pons and the medulla oblongata control the respiratory rate. Table 5.4 shows the common respiratory rate ranges for various age groups. (Section 5.6.4 of module 5)
What is an electrocardiogram and a sphygmomanometer used for in the examination of the heart?
An electrocardiogram is used to graph the electrical activity of the heart. (Section 5.2.5) A sphygmomanometer is used to measure the blood pressure. (Section 5.2.6)
What is the pleura? What is the function of the pleura? How many lobes does the right lung have? The left lung? What are the apexes and bases of the lungs?
The pleura is a specialized membrane that covers the lungs and is designed to decrease friction as the lungs move with breathing. The right lung has three lobes. The left lung has two lobes. The apex is the most superior part of the lung. The base is the most inferior part of the lung. (Section 5.6.3 of module 5)
A patient with atherosclerosis presents to their cardiologist with the complaint of angina pectoralis.
A-Identify and define the combining forms found in the underlined terms. (Hint: there are 5 combining forms).
B-What does this sentence mean?
A-Ather/o means fatty substance. Scler/o means hardening. Cardi/o means heart. Angin/o means to choke. Pector/o means chest.
B-This patient has heart disease due to fatty substances causing hardening of their coronary arteries (Atherosclerosis). This is causing the symptom of chest pain due to constriction of the arteries by the plaques (angina pectoralis), and they are seeking help from their heart physician (cardiologist). (Table 5.1 and cardiology flashcards, Sections 5.1 & 5.4.2)
A patient suffered ischemia due to a thrombus that developed in their right atrium while experiencing the arrhythmia, atrial fibrillation.
A-Identify and define the combining forms found in the underlined terms. (Hint: There are 3 combining forms.
B-What does this sentence mean?
A-Isch/o means to hold back. Thromb/o means blood clot. Rrhythm/o means rhythm.
B-This patient had a blockage of blood flow due (ischemia) to a blood clot (thrombus) that caused damage to the tissues. The blood clot developed while the right atrium was not contracting normally because the electric conduction of the heart was irregular (arrhythmia). (Table 5.1, cardiology flashcards, and section 5.4.1)
A cardiothoracic surgeon created an anastomosis between the aorta and a vein graft that was taken from a patient’s leg during a CABG.
A-Define cardiothoracic and anastomosis.
B-What is a CABG?
C-Why would this surgery be performed?
A-Cardiothoracic means pertaining to the heart and the chest. (Table 5.1 and table 5.5) Anastomosis is a surgical connection between two blood vessels. (Cardiology flashcards).
B-A CABG is a coronary artery bypass graft surgery. (Table 5.2)
C-This surgery is done due to occlusions in the coronary arteries that restrict the blood flow to the heart muscle. The bypass grafts establish new blood flow to the area of the heart that was not receiving enough blood. (Section 5.4.3 and figure 5.16)
A patient has the complication of phlebitis after a venipuncture to draw a lipid panel to evaluate their Chol, LDL, HDL, and triglycerides.
A-Identify and define the combining forms found in the underlined terms. (Hint: There are 3 combining forms).
B-What does this sentence mean?
C-Define the abbreviations found in this sentence.
D-What medical condition does this blood test diagnose?
A-Phelb/o means vein. Ven/o means vein. Lip/o means fat. (Table 5.1)
B-This patient has inflammation of the vein (phlebitis) after bloodwork was drawn from that vein (venipuncture) to assess their cholesterol or lipid panel. (Table 5.1 and cardiology flashcards)
C-Chol means cholesterol, LDL means low density lipoprotein, HDL means high density lipoprotein. (Table 5.2)
D-Hyperlipidemia is the condition of abnormally high blood lipids, and this test measures the lipids in the blood. This test is common in the assessment of coronary artery disease as hyperlipidemia is a modifiable risk factor in this disease. (Section 5.4.2 and cardiology flashcards)
