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Portage AP1 > AP 1 M5 5.2: Anatomy of the Muscular System Part II: Muscles of the Upper and Lower Extremities > Flashcards

AP 1 M5 5.2: Anatomy of the Muscular System Part II: Muscles of the Upper and Lower Extremities Flashcards

1
Q

muscles on the posterior thorax

A

The muscles on the posterior thorax assist in movement of the shoulder girdle. The trapezius is a large muscle that acts on the shoulder as well as the neck and upper spine. The trapezius is superficial to the remaining muscles shown

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2
Q

Muscles of the Shoulder Girdle Continued

A

The shoulder is a ball and socket joint, which permits many types of movement. The glenoid cavity of the scapula is very small compared to the head of the humerus. The large bony structure of the shoulder requires many ligaments and layers of muscle for stability.

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3
Q

rotator cuff

A

A muscle grouping known as the rotator cuff is necessary to stabilize the humeral head inside the shoulder joint.

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4
Q

Rotator cuff is made up of the “SITS” muscles

A

The rotator cuff is made up of the “SITS” muscles: supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis.

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5
Q

Muscles of the Lower Extremity

A

Several movements are important to clarify when discussing muscles of the lower extremity.

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6
Q

Hip extension

A

Hip extension involves moving the thigh posteriorly (or backward movement of the thigh)

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7
Q

Hip flexion

A

Hip flexion is moving the thigh anteriorly (or forward movement of the thigh)

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8
Q

Knee extension

A

Knee extension means to straighten the knee, or to increase the angle of the joint.

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9
Q

Knee flexion

A

Knee flexion is bending the knee (decreasing the angle of the joint)

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10
Q

Lateral rotation

A

Lateral rotation (external rotation) refers to rotation away from the center of the body.

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11
Q

Internal rotation

A

Internal rotation (medial rotation) refers to rotation towards the central axis of the body.

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12
Q

Gluteal Muscles of the Thigh

A

The gluteal muscles extend and rotate the hip joint. Gluteus maximus is a large, superficial muscle covering the posterior thigh.

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13
Q

hip

A

The hip is a ball and socket joint, permitting many ranges of movements, such as adduction, abduction, extension, flexion, and rotation. The “hip” refers to the ball and socket joint. Thigh movements refer to movement of the femur. A muscle can have multiple actions, depending on the location and orientation of the muscle fibers. For example, gluteus maximus can abduct and extend at the hip joint. In addition, a muscle may act on multiple joints. For example, the biceps femoris crosses the hip joint and knee joint. At the hip, biceps femoris enables hip extension, while at the knee it enables knee flexion.

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14
Q

Trapezius (upper, middle, lower)

Muscles of the Shoulder and Upper Extremity

A

Origin: occipital bone, spinous process of T1-12
Insertion: lateral clavicle, acromion, and scapular spine of scapula
Action: rotation, retraction, elevation, depression of scapula; extends neck and stabilizes shoulder
Innervation: Accessory nerve (Cranial Nerve 11)

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15
Q

Levator scapulae

Muscles of the Shoulder and Upper Extremity

A

Origin: transverse process of C1-4
Insertion: medial border of scapula
Action: elevates scapula
Innervation: dorsal scapular nerve

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16
Q

Rhomboids (major, minor)

Muscles of the Shoulder and Upper Extremity

A

Origin: spinous process (minor: C7-T1) (major: T2-5)
Insertion: medial border of scapula
Action: retraction of scapula
Innervation: dorsal scapular nerve

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17
Q

Pectoralis minor

Muscles of the Shoulder and Upper Extremity

A

Origin: ribs 3-5
Insertion: coracoid process of scapula
Action: elevates ribs, draws scapula down and medially
Innervation: medial pectoral nerve

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18
Q

Serratus Anterior

Muscles of the Shoulder and Upper Extremity

A

Origin: upper 8-9 ribs
Insertion: medial border of scapula
Action: protraction of scapula
Innervation: long thoracic nerve

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19
Q

Deltoid (anterior, posterior, middle)

Muscles of the Shoulder Girdle Continued

A

Origin: clavicle and scapula
Insertion: deltoid tuberosity of humerus
Action: abduction at shoulder (whole muscle)
Innervation: axillary nerve

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20
Q

Pectoralis major

Muscles of the Shoulder Girdle Continued

A

Origin: ribs 2-6, body of sternum
Insertion: greater tubercle of humerus
Action: flexion, adduction and medial rotation at shoulder
Innervation: pectoral nerves

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21
Q

Supraspinatus (above spine of scapula)

Muscles of the Shoulder Girdle Continued

A

Origin: supraspinatus fossa of scapula
Insertion: greater tubercle of humerus
Action: abduction at the shoulder
Innervation: suprascapular nerve

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22
Q

Infraspinatus (below spine of scapula)

Muscles of the Shoulder Girdle Continued

A

Origin: infraspinatus fossa of scapula
Insertion: greater tubercle of humerus
Action: lateral rotation at shoulder
Innervation: suprascapular nerve

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23
Q

Teres Minor

Muscles of the Shoulder Girdle Continued

A

Origin: lateral border of scapula
Insertion: greater tubercle of humerus
Action: lateral rotation at shoulder
Innervation: axillary nerve

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24
Q

Teres Major – not part of the rotator cuff

Muscles of the Shoulder Girdle Continued

A

Origin: inferior angle of scapula
Insertion: intertubercular groove of humerus
Action: extension, adduction, and medial rotation at shoulder
Innervation: lower subscapular nerve

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25
Subscapularis – along inner surface of the scapula | Muscles of the Shoulder Girdle Continued
Origin: subscapular fossa of scapula Insertion: lesser tubercle of humerus Action: medial rotation at the shoulder Innervation: subscapular nerves
26
Latissimus Dorsi | Muscles of the Shoulder Girdle Continued
Origin: spinous process of inferior thoracic and lumbar vertebrae, ribs 8-12 Insertion: intertubercular groove of humerus Action: extension, adduction, and medial rotation at shoulder Innervation: thoracodorsal nerve
27
Coracobrachialis | Muscles of the Shoulder Girdle Continued
Origin: coracoid process of scapula Insertion: medial shaft of humerus Action: adduction and flexion at shoulder Innervation: musculocutaneous nerve
28
Biceps brachii | Muscles of the Forearm and Elbow
Origin: short head- coracoid process; long head- supraglenoid tubercle of scapula Insertion: tuberosity of radius Action: flexion at elbow and shoulder; supination Innervation: musculocutaneous nerve
29
Brachialis | Muscles of the Forearm and Elbow
Origin: anterior/distal surface of humerus Insertion: tuberosity of ulna Action: flexion at elbow Innervation: musculocutaneous nerve and radial nerve
30
Brachioradialis | Muscles of the Forearm and Elbow
Origin: lateral epicondyle of humerus Insertion: lateral aspect of styloid process of radius Action: flexion at elbow Innervation: radial nerve
31
Triceps (long head, lateral head, medial head) | Muscles of the Forearm and Elbow
Origin: Lateral head – superior, lateral margin on humerus Long head – infraglenoid tubercle of scapula Medial head – posterior surface of humerus Insertion: olecranon of ulna Action: extension at elbow Innervation: radial nerve
32
Pronator Teres | Muscles of the Forearm and Elbow
Origin: medial epicondyle of humerus Insertion: mid-lateral surface of radius Action: pronation Innervation: median nerve
33
Flexor carpi radialis | Superficial Flexors
Action: wrist flexion, radial deviation of the hand Innervation: median nerve
34
Supinator | Muscles of the Forearm and Elbow
Origin: lateral epicondyle of humerus Insertion: anterolateral surface of radius Action: supination Innervation: deep radial nerve
35
Palmaris longus | Superficial Flexors
Action: wrist flexion Innervation: median nerve
36
Flexor carpi ulnaris | Superficial Flexors
Action: wrist flexion, ulnar deviation of the hand Innervation: ulnar nerve
37
Flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) | Superficial Flexors
Action: flexion of the wrist and digits 2-5 (middle and proximal phalanx) Innervation: median nerve
38
Flexor pollicis longus | Deep Flexors
Action: flexion of thumb Innervation: median nerve
39
Flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) | Deep Flexors
Action: wrist flexion, flexion of digits 2-5 (distal phalanx) Innervation: palmar interosseous nerve
39
Extensor carpi radialis brevis | Superficial Extensors of the Wrist
Action: extension, abduction of the wrist Innervation: radial nerve
40
Extensor carpi radialis longus | Superficial Extensors of the Wrist
Action: extension, abduction of the wrist Innervation: radial nerve
41
Extensor digitorum | Superficial Extensors of the Wrist
Action: wrist extension, extension of digits 2-5 Innervation: deep radial nerve
42
Extensor digiti minimi (digit 5) | Superficial Extensors of the Wrist
Action: wrist extension, extension of digit 5 Innervation: deep radial nerve
43
Extensor carpi ulnaris | Superficial Extensors of the Wrist
Action: extension, adduction of the wrist Innervation: deep radial nerve
44
Abductor pollicis longus (APL) | Deep extensors of the wrist
Action: abduction of wrist and thumb Innervation: deep radial nerve
45
Extensor pollicis longus (EPL) | Deep extensors of the wrist
Action: thumb extension, wrist abduction Innervation: deep radial nerve
46
Extensor pollicis brevis (EPB) | Deep extensors of the wrist
Action: thumb extension, wrist abduction Innervation: deep radial nerve
47
Extensor indicis (EI) | Deep extensors of the wrist
Action: extension of wrist and digit 2 Innervation: deep radial nerve
48
Psoas Major | Muscles of the Lower Extremity
Origin: transverse bodies of all lumbar vertebra Insertion: lesser trochanter of the femur (with iliacus) Action: hip flexion (or trunk flexion if femur is stationary) Innervation: lumbar plexus
49
Iliacus | Muscles of the Lower Extremity
Origin: iliac fossa of ilium Insertion: lesser trochanter of femur Action: hip flexion Innervation: femoral nerve
50
Gluteus maximus | Gluteal Muscles of the Thigh
Origin: posterior gluteal line of the ilium, lower sacrum, side of the coccyx Insertion: gluteal tuberosity Action: abducts, extends, laterally rotates hip joint Innervation: inferior gluteal nerve
51
Gluteus medius | Gluteal Muscles of the Thigh
Origin: gluteal surface of the ilium Insertion: greater trochanter of the femur Action: abducts thigh, stabilizes the hip joint Innervation: superior gluteal nerve
52
Gluteus minimus | Gluteal Muscles of the Thigh
Origin: Gluteal surface of the ilium Insertion: Greater trochanter of the femur Action: Abducts thigh, stabilizes hip joint Innervation: Superior gluteal nerve
53
TFL – tensor fascia latae | Gluteal Muscles of the Thigh
Origin: ASIS (anterior superior iliac spine) Insertion: iliotibial tract Action: abducts and internally rotates thigh, stabilizes hip and knee joints Innervation: superior gluteal nerve
54
Obturator externus | Lateral Rotators of the Thigh (Deep)
Action: lateral rotation of thigh Innervation: obturator nerve
55
Obturator internus | Lateral Rotators of the Thigh (Deep)
Action: lateral rotation of thigh Innervation: spinal nerves S1-3
56
Superior gemellus | Lateral Rotators of the Thigh (Deep)
Action: lateral rotation, adduction, extension of hip joint Innervation: spinal nerves L5, S1
57
Inferior gemellus | Lateral Rotators of the Thigh (Deep)
Action: lateral rotation, adduction, extension of hip joint Innervation: spinal nerves L5, S1
58
Quadratus Femoris | Lateral Rotators of the Thigh (Deep)
Action: lateral rotation, adduction of hip joint Innervation: spinal nerves L5, S1
59
Piriformis | Lateral Rotators of the Thigh (Deep)
Action: lateral rotation, adduction, extension of hip joint Innervation: spinal nerves L5-S2
60
Biceps Femoris | Posterior, Hamstring Group
Origin: Long head, ischial tuberosity; short head, linea aspera of femur, lateral surface Insertion: head of the fibula, lateral surface Action: knee flexion, hip extension Innervation: Long head - tibial nerve; Short head - common fibular nerve
61
Semitendinosus | Posterior, Hamstring Group
Origin: ischial tuberosity Insertion: medial surface of tibia Action: knee flexion Innervation: tibial nerve
62
Semimembranosus | Posterior, Hamstring Group
Origin: ischial tuberosity Insertion: medial condyle of tibia Action: knee flexion Innervation: tibial nerve
63
Rectus Femoris | Anterior, Quadriceps
Origin: AIIS (anterior inferior iliac spine) Insertion: common tendon of the quadriceps to tibial tuberosity Action: knee extension, hip flexion Innervation: femoral nerve
64
Vastus Medialis | Anterior, Quadriceps
Origin: intertrochanteric line of femur Insertion: patella via quadriceps tendon; tibial tuberosity Action: knee extension Innervation: femoral nerve
65
Vastus Lateralis | Anterior, Quadriceps
Origin: greater trochanter of femur Insertion: patella via quadriceps tendon; tibial tuberosity Action: knee extension Innervation: femoral nerve
66
Vastus Intermedius | Anterior, Quadriceps
Origin: anterior/lateral surfaces of femur Insertion: common tendon of the quadriceps to tibial tuberosity Action: knee extension Innervation: femoral nerve
67
Adductor Brevis | Medial Compartment
Origin: superior and inferior rami of the pubis Insertion: medial shaft femur, into the upper linea aspera Action: adducts, medially rotates thigh Innervation: obturator nerve
68
Adductor Longus | Medial Compartment
Origin: front of the pubis Insertion: linea aspera Action: adducts, medially rotates thigh Innervation: obturator nerve
69
Adductor Magnus | Medial Compartment
Origin: inferior ramus of pubis Insertion: adductor tubercle, medial condyle of the femur, linea aspera Action: adducts, medially rotates thigh Innervation: obturator nerve
70
Gracilis | Medial Compartment
Origin: lower half of pubic symphysis Insertion: superior shaft of tibia Action: adductor of the thigh, flexes knee Innervation: obturator nerve
71
Pectineus | Medial Compartment
Origin: pectineal line Insertion: posterior surface of the femur Action: adducts thigh Innervation: femoral nerve
72
Sartorius | Medial Compartment
Origin: ASIS (anterior superior iliac spine) Insertion: superior shaft of tibia Action: Hip: flexion, abduction, external rotation; Knee: flexion, internal rotation Innervation: femoral nerve
73
Tibialis Anterior | Muscles of the Lower Leg ## Footnote (Anterior)
Origin: lateral condyle of tibia Insertion: base of metatarsal 1, medial cuneiform Action: dorsiflexion, inversion of foot Innervation: deep peroneal nerve
74
Extensor Digitorum longus | Muscles of the Lower Leg ## Footnote (Anterior)
Origin: lateral condyle of tibia Insertion: distal phalanges of digits 2-5 Action: extends digits 2-5, dorsiflexion of foot Innervation: deep peroneal nerve
75
Extensor hallucis longus | Muscles of the Lower Leg ## Footnote (Anterior)
Origin: anterior surface of fibula Insertion: dorsal surface of digit 1 (great toe) Action: extension of digit 1, dorsiflexion of foot Innervation: deep peroneal nerve
76
Peroneus Brevis | Muscles of the Lower Leg ## Footnote (Anterior)
Origin: lateral, distal fibula Insertion: lateral side of 5th metatarsal Action: plantarflex and evert foot (pronate) Innervation: superficial peroneal nerve
77
Peroneus Longus | Muscles of the Lower Leg ## Footnote (Anterior)
Origin: posterior surface of tibia, superior fibula Insertion: base of metatarsal 1 Action: plantarflex and evert foot (pronate) Innervation: superficial peroneal nerve
78
Gastrocnemius | Muscles of the Lower Leg ## Footnote (Posterior)
Origin: medial and lateral heads: posterior surfaces of medial and lateral femoral condyles Insertion: posterior surface of calcaneus via Achilles tendon Action: plantarflexion of foot, knee flexion Innervation: tibial nerve
79
Soleus | Muscles of the Lower Leg ## Footnote (Posterior)
Origin: posterior surface of fibula, medial region of posterior tibia Insertion: posterior surface of calcaneus via Achilles tendon Action: plantarflexion of foot Innervation: tibial nerve
80
Tibialis Posterior | Muscles of the Lower Leg ## Footnote (Posterior)
Origin: posterior surface of tibia, interosseous membrane, medial surface of fibula Insertion: navicular bone, cuneiforms (3), cuboid, and metatarsals 2-4 Action: plantarflexion, inversion and adduction of foot Innervation: tibial nerve
81
Flexor hallucis longus | Muscles of the Lower Leg ## Footnote (Posterior)
Origin: posterior fibula Insertion: inferior surface of distal phalanx of digit 1 (great toe) Action: flexion of digit 1, inversion and plantarflexion of foot Innervation: tibial nerve (deep peroneal branch)
82
Flexor digitorum longus | Muscles of the Lower Leg ## Footnote (Posterior)
Origin: posterior surface of tibia Insertion: inferior surface of distal phalanges 2-5 Action: flexion of digits 2-5; inversion and plantarflexion of foot Innervation: deep peroneal nerve

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