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Portage AP1 > AP 1 M5 5.2: Anatomy of the Muscular System Part II: Muscles of the Upper and Lower Extremities > Flashcards

AP 1 M5 5.2: Anatomy of the Muscular System Part II: Muscles of the Upper and Lower Extremities Flashcards

1
Q

muscles on the posterior thorax

A

The muscles on the posterior thorax assist in movement of the shoulder girdle. The trapezius is a large muscle that acts on the shoulder as well as the neck and upper spine. The trapezius is superficial to the remaining muscles shown

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2
Q

Muscles of the Shoulder Girdle Continued

A

The shoulder is a ball and socket joint, which permits many types of movement. The glenoid cavity of the scapula is very small compared to the head of the humerus. The large bony structure of the shoulder requires many ligaments and layers of muscle for stability.

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3
Q

rotator cuff

A

A muscle grouping known as the rotator cuff is necessary to stabilize the humeral head inside the shoulder joint.

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4
Q

Rotator cuff is made up of the “SITS” muscles

A

The rotator cuff is made up of the “SITS” muscles: supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis.

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5
Q

Muscles of the Lower Extremity

A

Several movements are important to clarify when discussing muscles of the lower extremity.

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6
Q

Hip extension

A

Hip extension involves moving the thigh posteriorly (or backward movement of the thigh)

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7
Q

Hip flexion

A

Hip flexion is moving the thigh anteriorly (or forward movement of the thigh)

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8
Q

Knee extension

A

Knee extension means to straighten the knee, or to increase the angle of the joint.

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9
Q

Knee flexion

A

Knee flexion is bending the knee (decreasing the angle of the joint)

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10
Q

Lateral rotation

A

Lateral rotation (external rotation) refers to rotation away from the center of the body.

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11
Q

Internal rotation

A

Internal rotation (medial rotation) refers to rotation towards the central axis of the body.

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12
Q

Gluteal Muscles of the Thigh

A

The gluteal muscles extend and rotate the hip joint. Gluteus maximus is a large, superficial muscle covering the posterior thigh.

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13
Q

hip

A

The hip is a ball and socket joint, permitting many ranges of movements, such as adduction, abduction, extension, flexion, and rotation. The “hip” refers to the ball and socket joint. Thigh movements refer to movement of the femur. A muscle can have multiple actions, depending on the location and orientation of the muscle fibers. For example, gluteus maximus can abduct and extend at the hip joint. In addition, a muscle may act on multiple joints. For example, the biceps femoris crosses the hip joint and knee joint. At the hip, biceps femoris enables hip extension, while at the knee it enables knee flexion.

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14
Q

Trapezius (upper, middle, lower)

Muscles of the Shoulder and Upper Extremity

A

Origin: occipital bone, spinous process of T1-12
Insertion: lateral clavicle, acromion, and scapular spine of scapula
Action: rotation, retraction, elevation, depression of scapula; extends neck and stabilizes shoulder
Innervation: Accessory nerve (Cranial Nerve 11)

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15
Q

Levator scapulae

Muscles of the Shoulder and Upper Extremity

A

Origin: transverse process of C1-4
Insertion: medial border of scapula
Action: elevates scapula
Innervation: dorsal scapular nerve

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16
Q

Rhomboids (major, minor)

Muscles of the Shoulder and Upper Extremity

A

Origin: spinous process (minor: C7-T1) (major: T2-5)
Insertion: medial border of scapula
Action: retraction of scapula
Innervation: dorsal scapular nerve

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17
Q

Pectoralis minor

Muscles of the Shoulder and Upper Extremity

A

Origin: ribs 3-5
Insertion: coracoid process of scapula
Action: elevates ribs, draws scapula down and medially
Innervation: medial pectoral nerve

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18
Q

Serratus Anterior

Muscles of the Shoulder and Upper Extremity

A

Origin: upper 8-9 ribs
Insertion: medial border of scapula
Action: protraction of scapula
Innervation: long thoracic nerve

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19
Q

Deltoid (anterior, posterior, middle)

Muscles of the Shoulder Girdle Continued

A

Origin: clavicle and scapula
Insertion: deltoid tuberosity of humerus
Action: abduction at shoulder (whole muscle)
Innervation: axillary nerve

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20
Q

Pectoralis major

Muscles of the Shoulder Girdle Continued

A

Origin: ribs 2-6, body of sternum
Insertion: greater tubercle of humerus
Action: flexion, adduction and medial rotation at shoulder
Innervation: pectoral nerves

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21
Q

Supraspinatus (above spine of scapula)

Muscles of the Shoulder Girdle Continued

A

Origin: supraspinatus fossa of scapula
Insertion: greater tubercle of humerus
Action: abduction at the shoulder
Innervation: suprascapular nerve

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22
Q

Infraspinatus (below spine of scapula)

Muscles of the Shoulder Girdle Continued

A

Origin: infraspinatus fossa of scapula
Insertion: greater tubercle of humerus
Action: lateral rotation at shoulder
Innervation: suprascapular nerve

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23
Q

Teres Minor

Muscles of the Shoulder Girdle Continued

A

Origin: lateral border of scapula
Insertion: greater tubercle of humerus
Action: lateral rotation at shoulder
Innervation: axillary nerve

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24
Q

Teres Major – not part of the rotator cuff

Muscles of the Shoulder Girdle Continued

A

Origin: inferior angle of scapula
Insertion: intertubercular groove of humerus
Action: extension, adduction, and medial rotation at shoulder
Innervation: lower subscapular nerve

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25
Q

Subscapularis – along inner surface of the scapula

Muscles of the Shoulder Girdle Continued

A

Origin: subscapular fossa of scapula
Insertion: lesser tubercle of humerus
Action: medial rotation at the shoulder
Innervation: subscapular nerves

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26
Q

Latissimus Dorsi

Muscles of the Shoulder Girdle Continued

A

Origin: spinous process of inferior thoracic and lumbar vertebrae, ribs 8-12
Insertion: intertubercular groove of humerus
Action: extension, adduction, and medial rotation at shoulder
Innervation: thoracodorsal nerve

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27
Q

Coracobrachialis

Muscles of the Shoulder Girdle Continued

A

Origin: coracoid process of scapula
Insertion: medial shaft of humerus
Action: adduction and flexion at shoulder
Innervation: musculocutaneous nerve

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28
Q

Biceps brachii

Muscles of the Forearm and Elbow

A

Origin: short head- coracoid process; long head- supraglenoid tubercle of scapula
Insertion: tuberosity of radius
Action: flexion at elbow and shoulder; supination
Innervation: musculocutaneous nerve

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29
Q

Brachialis

Muscles of the Forearm and Elbow

A

Origin: anterior/distal surface of humerus
Insertion: tuberosity of ulna
Action: flexion at elbow
Innervation: musculocutaneous nerve and radial nerve

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30
Q

Brachioradialis

Muscles of the Forearm and Elbow

A

Origin: lateral epicondyle of humerus
Insertion: lateral aspect of styloid process of radius
Action: flexion at elbow
Innervation: radial nerve

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31
Q

Triceps (long head, lateral head, medial head)

Muscles of the Forearm and Elbow

A

Origin:
Lateral head – superior, lateral margin on humerus
Long head – infraglenoid tubercle of scapula
Medial head – posterior surface of humerus
Insertion: olecranon of ulna
Action: extension at elbow
Innervation: radial nerve

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32
Q

Pronator Teres

Muscles of the Forearm and Elbow

A

Origin: medial epicondyle of humerus
Insertion: mid-lateral surface of radius
Action: pronation
Innervation: median nerve

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33
Q

Flexor carpi radialis

Superficial Flexors

A

Action: wrist flexion, radial deviation of the hand
Innervation: median nerve

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34
Q

Supinator

Muscles of the Forearm and Elbow

A

Origin: lateral epicondyle of humerus
Insertion: anterolateral surface of radius
Action: supination
Innervation: deep radial nerve

35
Q

Palmaris longus

Superficial Flexors

A

Action: wrist flexion
Innervation: median nerve

36
Q

Flexor carpi ulnaris

Superficial Flexors

A

Action: wrist flexion, ulnar deviation of the hand
Innervation: ulnar nerve

37
Q

Flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS)

Superficial Flexors

A

Action: flexion of the wrist and digits 2-5 (middle and proximal phalanx)
Innervation: median nerve

38
Q

Flexor pollicis longus

Deep Flexors

A

Action: flexion of thumb
Innervation: median nerve

39
Q

Flexor digitorum profundus (FDP)

Deep Flexors

A

Action: wrist flexion, flexion of digits 2-5 (distal phalanx)
Innervation: palmar interosseous nerve

39
Q

Extensor carpi radialis brevis

Superficial Extensors of the Wrist

A

Action: extension, abduction of the wrist
Innervation: radial nerve

40
Q

Extensor carpi radialis longus

Superficial Extensors of the Wrist

A

Action: extension, abduction of the wrist
Innervation: radial nerve

41
Q

Extensor digitorum

Superficial Extensors of the Wrist

A

Action: wrist extension, extension of digits 2-5
Innervation: deep radial nerve

42
Q

Extensor digiti minimi (digit 5)

Superficial Extensors of the Wrist

A

Action: wrist extension, extension of digit 5
Innervation: deep radial nerve

43
Q

Extensor carpi ulnaris

Superficial Extensors of the Wrist

A

Action: extension, adduction of the wrist
Innervation: deep radial nerve

44
Q

Abductor pollicis longus (APL)

Deep extensors of the wrist

A

Action: abduction of wrist and thumb
Innervation: deep radial nerve

45
Q

Extensor pollicis longus (EPL)

Deep extensors of the wrist

A

Action: thumb extension, wrist abduction
Innervation: deep radial nerve

46
Q

Extensor pollicis brevis (EPB)

Deep extensors of the wrist

A

Action: thumb extension, wrist abduction
Innervation: deep radial nerve

47
Q

Extensor indicis (EI)

Deep extensors of the wrist

A

Action: extension of wrist and digit 2
Innervation: deep radial nerve

48
Q

Psoas Major

Muscles of the Lower Extremity

A

Origin: transverse bodies of all lumbar vertebra
Insertion: lesser trochanter of the femur (with iliacus)
Action: hip flexion (or trunk flexion if femur is stationary)
Innervation: lumbar plexus

49
Q

Iliacus

Muscles of the Lower Extremity

A

Origin: iliac fossa of ilium
Insertion: lesser trochanter of femur
Action: hip flexion
Innervation: femoral nerve

50
Q

Gluteus maximus

Gluteal Muscles of the Thigh

A

Origin: posterior gluteal line of the ilium, lower sacrum, side of the coccyx
Insertion: gluteal tuberosity
Action: abducts, extends, laterally rotates hip joint
Innervation: inferior gluteal nerve

51
Q

Gluteus medius

Gluteal Muscles of the Thigh

A

Origin: gluteal surface of the ilium
Insertion: greater trochanter of the femur
Action: abducts thigh, stabilizes the hip joint
Innervation: superior gluteal nerve

52
Q

Gluteus minimus

Gluteal Muscles of the Thigh

A

Origin: Gluteal surface of the ilium
Insertion: Greater trochanter of the femur
Action: Abducts thigh, stabilizes hip joint
Innervation: Superior gluteal nerve

53
Q

TFL – tensor fascia latae

Gluteal Muscles of the Thigh

A

Origin: ASIS (anterior superior iliac spine)
Insertion: iliotibial tract
Action: abducts and internally rotates thigh, stabilizes hip and knee joints
Innervation: superior gluteal nerve

54
Q

Obturator externus

Lateral Rotators of the Thigh (Deep)

A

Action: lateral rotation of thigh
Innervation: obturator nerve

55
Q

Obturator internus

Lateral Rotators of the Thigh (Deep)

A

Action: lateral rotation of thigh
Innervation: spinal nerves S1-3

56
Q

Superior gemellus

Lateral Rotators of the Thigh (Deep)

A

Action: lateral rotation, adduction, extension of hip joint
Innervation: spinal nerves L5, S1

57
Q

Inferior gemellus

Lateral Rotators of the Thigh (Deep)

A

Action: lateral rotation, adduction, extension of hip joint
Innervation: spinal nerves L5, S1

58
Q

Quadratus Femoris

Lateral Rotators of the Thigh (Deep)

A

Action: lateral rotation, adduction of hip joint
Innervation: spinal nerves L5, S1

59
Q

Piriformis

Lateral Rotators of the Thigh (Deep)

A

Action: lateral rotation, adduction, extension of hip joint
Innervation: spinal nerves L5-S2

60
Q

Biceps Femoris

Posterior, Hamstring Group

A

Origin: Long head, ischial tuberosity; short head, linea aspera of femur, lateral surface
Insertion: head of the fibula, lateral surface
Action: knee flexion, hip extension
Innervation: Long head - tibial nerve; Short head - common fibular nerve

61
Q

Semitendinosus

Posterior, Hamstring Group

A

Origin: ischial tuberosity
Insertion: medial surface of tibia
Action: knee flexion
Innervation: tibial nerve

62
Q

Semimembranosus

Posterior, Hamstring Group

A

Origin: ischial tuberosity
Insertion: medial condyle of tibia
Action: knee flexion
Innervation: tibial nerve

63
Q

Rectus Femoris

Anterior, Quadriceps

A

Origin: AIIS (anterior inferior iliac spine)
Insertion: common tendon of the quadriceps to tibial tuberosity
Action: knee extension, hip flexion
Innervation: femoral nerve

64
Q

Vastus Medialis

Anterior, Quadriceps

A

Origin: intertrochanteric line of femur
Insertion: patella via quadriceps tendon; tibial tuberosity
Action: knee extension
Innervation: femoral nerve

65
Q

Vastus Lateralis

Anterior, Quadriceps

A

Origin: greater trochanter of femur
Insertion: patella via quadriceps tendon; tibial tuberosity
Action: knee extension
Innervation: femoral nerve

66
Q

Vastus Intermedius

Anterior, Quadriceps

A

Origin: anterior/lateral surfaces of femur
Insertion: common tendon of the quadriceps to tibial tuberosity
Action: knee extension
Innervation: femoral nerve

67
Q

Adductor Brevis

Medial Compartment

A

Origin: superior and inferior rami of the pubis
Insertion: medial shaft femur, into the upper linea aspera
Action: adducts, medially rotates thigh
Innervation: obturator nerve

68
Q

Adductor Longus

Medial Compartment

A

Origin: front of the pubis
Insertion: linea aspera
Action: adducts, medially rotates thigh
Innervation: obturator nerve

69
Q

Adductor Magnus

Medial Compartment

A

Origin: inferior ramus of pubis
Insertion: adductor tubercle, medial condyle of the femur, linea aspera
Action: adducts, medially rotates thigh
Innervation: obturator nerve

70
Q

Gracilis

Medial Compartment

A

Origin: lower half of pubic symphysis
Insertion: superior shaft of tibia
Action: adductor of the thigh, flexes knee
Innervation: obturator nerve

71
Q

Pectineus

Medial Compartment

A

Origin: pectineal line
Insertion: posterior surface of the femur
Action: adducts thigh
Innervation: femoral nerve

72
Q

Sartorius

Medial Compartment

A

Origin: ASIS (anterior superior iliac spine)
Insertion: superior shaft of tibia
Action: Hip: flexion, abduction, external rotation; Knee: flexion, internal rotation
Innervation: femoral nerve

73
Q

Tibialis Anterior

Muscles of the Lower Leg

(Anterior)

A

Origin: lateral condyle of tibia
Insertion: base of metatarsal 1, medial cuneiform
Action: dorsiflexion, inversion of foot
Innervation: deep peroneal nerve

74
Q

Extensor Digitorum longus

Muscles of the Lower Leg

(Anterior)

A

Origin: lateral condyle of tibia
Insertion: distal phalanges of digits 2-5
Action: extends digits 2-5, dorsiflexion of foot
Innervation: deep peroneal nerve

75
Q

Extensor hallucis longus

Muscles of the Lower Leg

(Anterior)

A

Origin: anterior surface of fibula
Insertion: dorsal surface of digit 1 (great toe)
Action: extension of digit 1, dorsiflexion of foot
Innervation: deep peroneal nerve

76
Q

Peroneus Brevis

Muscles of the Lower Leg

(Anterior)

A

Origin: lateral, distal fibula
Insertion: lateral side of 5th metatarsal
Action: plantarflex and evert foot (pronate)
Innervation: superficial peroneal nerve

77
Q

Peroneus Longus

Muscles of the Lower Leg

(Anterior)

A

Origin: posterior surface of tibia, superior fibula
Insertion: base of metatarsal 1
Action: plantarflex and evert foot (pronate)
Innervation: superficial peroneal nerve

78
Q

Gastrocnemius

Muscles of the Lower Leg

(Posterior)

A

Origin: medial and lateral heads: posterior surfaces of medial and lateral femoral condyles
Insertion: posterior surface of calcaneus via Achilles tendon
Action: plantarflexion of foot, knee flexion
Innervation: tibial nerve

79
Q

Soleus

Muscles of the Lower Leg

(Posterior)

A

Origin: posterior surface of fibula, medial region of posterior tibia
Insertion: posterior surface of calcaneus via Achilles tendon
Action: plantarflexion of foot
Innervation: tibial nerve

80
Q

Tibialis Posterior

Muscles of the Lower Leg

(Posterior)

A

Origin: posterior surface of tibia, interosseous membrane, medial surface of fibula
Insertion: navicular bone, cuneiforms (3), cuboid, and metatarsals 2-4
Action: plantarflexion, inversion and adduction of foot
Innervation: tibial nerve

81
Q

Flexor hallucis longus

Muscles of the Lower Leg

(Posterior)

A

Origin: posterior fibula
Insertion: inferior surface of distal phalanx of digit 1 (great toe)
Action: flexion of digit 1, inversion and plantarflexion of foot
Innervation: tibial nerve (deep peroneal branch)

82
Q

Flexor digitorum longus

Muscles of the Lower Leg

(Posterior)

A

Origin: posterior surface of tibia
Insertion: inferior surface of distal phalanges 2-5
Action: flexion of digits 2-5; inversion and plantarflexion of foot
Innervation: deep peroneal nerve

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