MT M 4.1 Endocrine Flashcards by Joe Soldavini

endocrine system

The endocrine system of the body controls the secretion of hormones from several glands located throughout the body.

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Glands

Glands are organs that secrete or release hormones into the bloodstream.

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Hormones

Hormones are chemical substances that are released from the glands in small amounts and travel through the blood to other tissues and organs. They transfer information and instructions from one area of the body to another area.

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Glands and hormones

Glands and hormones influence almost every cell, organ, and function of the body. Growth and development, tissue function, metabolism, homeostasis, sexual function, and mood are all influenced and regulated by hormones.

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Endocrinology

Endocrinology is the study of the endocrine system, and it is a subspecialty of internal medicine. An endocrinologist is a physician that diagnoses and treats the conditions of the endocrine system.

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endocrinologist

An endocrinologist is a physician that diagnoses and treats the conditions of the endocrine system.

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Pituitary

Gland

Brain- Master gland, regulates other endocrine glands

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Pineal

Gland

Brain- Regulates sleep

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Thyroid

Gland

Neck- Metabolism, growth, and development

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Parathyroid

Gland

Neck- Maintains calcium and phosphate levels

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Pancreas

Gland

Epigastric area of the abdomen –Blood glucose regulation

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Adrenals

Gland

Abdomen, above the kidneys – Regulates sodium and potassium, carbohydrate metabolism, sex hormones, and epinephrine secretion in emergencies

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Ovaries, Testes

Gland

Pelvis – Male and female secondary sexual characteristics

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Thymus

Gland

located in the Mediastinum in front of the heart – Regulates the immune system

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pituitary gland

The pituitary gland is located at the base of the brain, as seen in Figure 4.1. This gland is considered the master gland, as it regulates the other glands of the endocrine system. The pituitary gland can be divided into anterior and posterior sections.

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adenohypophysis

The anterior portion of the pituitary gland is called the adenohypophysis, and it secretes different hormones than the posterior portion of the gland

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neurohypophysis

The pituitary gland posterior portion of the gland, which is called the neurohypophysis.

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Growth hormone (GH)

adenohypophysis secretes

Growth hormone (GH), which regulates the growth and development of the bones and muscles, and other organs.

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Adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH)

adenohypophysis secretes

Adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH), which regulates the growth of the adrenal cortex.

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Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH),

adenohypophysis secretes

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which stimulates the growth of the thyroid gland.

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Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)

adenohypophysis secretes

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), which control the sex glands in males and females.

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Melanocyte-stimulating hormone,

adenohypophysis secretes

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone, which controls skin pigmentation.

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Prolactin hormone,

adenohypophysis secretes

Prolactin hormone, which stimulates the growth and development of the mammary glands.

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antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

neurohypophysis secretes

The neurohypophysis secretes antidiuretic hormone (ADH), which regulates the secretion or reabsorption of water in the kidneys,

oxytocin | neurohypophysis secretes

oxytocin, which stimulates the uterus to contract during childbirth and the release of milk from the mammary glands.

pineal gland

The pineal gland is located in the brain, as seen in Figure 4.1. It is a small gland that secretes melatonin and serotonin.

Melatonin

Melatonin is important in the regulation of the body’s sleep-wake cycle.

Serotonin

Serotonin stimulates the nervous system by regulating neurotransmitters, smooth muscles, and gastric secretions.

thyroid and parathyroid glands

The thyroid and parathyroid glands are both located in the neck. Their locations are shown in Figure 4.1.

thyroid gland

The thyroid gland is a larger gland in the neck, anterior to the trachea. It secretes hormones that are involved in metabolism.

thyroxine (T4) | hormones that are secreted by the thyroid gland

T4 maintains and regulates the basic metabolic rate of the body, growth and development of the body, and metabolism of nutrients, water, vitamins, and minerals.

triiodothyronine (T3) | hormones that are secreted by the thyroid gland

T3 also regulates the basic metabolic rate.

calcitonin | hormones that are secreted by the thyroid gland

Calcitonin is involved in bone and calcium metabolism

parathyroid glands

The parathyroid glands are located on the thyroid gland in two pairs: a superior pair and an inferior pair.

parathyroid | parathyroid glands secrete

The parathyroid glands secrete **parathyroid hormone (PTH)**, which is involved in maintaining calcium levels and the metabolism of phosphorus.

The pancreas and the gastrointestinal mucosa

The pancreas and the gastrointestinal mucosa are organs that are a part of the digestive system. However, they both have a role in the endocrine system, as they both secrete hormones. The pancreas is located in the abdomen, as seen in Figure 4.1.

pancreas | endocrine portion

The endocrine portion of the pancreas consists of cell clusters called islets of Langerhans

islets of Langerhans | pancreas endocrine portion

The endocrine portion of the pancreas consists of cell clusters called islets of Langerhans. The islets of Langerhans secrete the hormones insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin.

Insulin | pancreas endocrine portion

Insulin stimulates the cells of the body to take in glucose from the bloodstream for metabolism.

Glucagon | pancreas endocrine portion

Glucagon increases the blood glucose level by breaking down glycogen into glucose

Somatostatin | pancreas endocrine portion

Somatostatin decreases the production of both insulin and glucagon.

gastrointestinal mucosa

The epithelial lining of the stomach and intestines, called the gastrointestinal mucosa, secretes several hormones related to digestion.

Gastrin | gastrointestinal mucosa

Gastrin stimulates the production of gastric acid in the stomach, which breaks down food.

Secretin | gastrointestinal mucosa

Secretin stimulates the secretion of pancreatic enzymes, bile, and other secretions from the intestines that also are involved in the digestion of food.

Cholecystokinin | gastrointestinal mucosa

Cholecystokinin controls the gallbladder

enterogastrone | gastrointestinal mucosa

enterogastrone regulates secretions from the stomach.

adrenal glands

The adrenal glands are two glands that are located in the abdomen, on top of the kidneys.

adrenal cortex | The adrenal glands

The adrenal cortex is the outer portion of the adrenal gland, and it secretes three different types of hormones: glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and androgens.

glucocorticoids | The adrenal glands adrenal cortex

Glucocorticoids are hormones that are involved in carbohydrate metabolism. The main glucocorticoid hormones are cortisol and corticosterone.

Aldosterone | The adrenal glands adrenal cortex

Aldosterone is the main mineralocorticoid hormone, and it is involved in the regulation of electrolytes and fluid balance. Androgens are hormones that stimulate the development of male sexual characteristics, and they are testosterone and androsterone.

adrenal medulla. | The adrenal glands adrenal medulla.

The inner portion of the adrenal gland is called the adrenal medulla.

catecholamines | The adrenal glands adrenal medulla.

The hormones produced here are called catecholamines, and they are involved in nervous system regulation.

Dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine | The adrenal glands adrenal medulla.

Dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine are three crucial hormones that are involved in sympathetic nervous system function.

ovaries | Reproductive Organs

The ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone, two hormones that are involved in the regulation of the female sex organs.

Reproductive Organs

The female ovaries and male testes are seen in

testes | Reproductive Organs

The testes produce testosterone, which is involved in the regulation of the male sex organs.

placenta | Reproductive Organs

An additional temporary endocrine organ is the placenta, which is produced during pregnancy. The placenta secretes hormones involved in the growth and development of the fetus.

thymus

The thymus is a gland that is located in the mediastinum in front of the heart. It is shown in Figure 4.1. It secretes hormones that are involved in the function of the immune system. These hormones are **thymosin** and **thymopoietin**.