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Portage AP1 > MT M 4.1 Endocrine > Flashcards

MT M 4.1 Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

endocrine system

A

The endocrine system of the body controls the secretion of hormones from several glands located throughout the body.

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2
Q

Glands

A

Glands are organs that secrete or release hormones into the bloodstream.

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3
Q

Hormones

A

Hormones are chemical substances that are released from the glands in small amounts and travel through the blood to other tissues and organs. They transfer information and instructions from one area of the body to another area.

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4
Q

Glands and hormones

A

Glands and hormones influence almost every cell, organ, and function of the body. Growth and development, tissue function, metabolism, homeostasis, sexual function, and mood are all influenced and regulated by hormones.

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5
Q

Endocrinology

A

Endocrinology is the study of the endocrine system, and it is a subspecialty of internal medicine. An endocrinologist is a physician that diagnoses and treats the conditions of the endocrine system.

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6
Q

endocrinologist

A

An endocrinologist is a physician that diagnoses and treats the conditions of the endocrine system.

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7
Q

Pituitary

Gland

A

Brain- Master gland, regulates other endocrine glands

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8
Q

Pineal

Gland

A

Brain- Regulates sleep

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9
Q

Thyroid

Gland

A

Neck- Metabolism, growth, and development

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10
Q

Parathyroid

Gland

A

Neck- Maintains calcium and phosphate levels

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11
Q

Pancreas

Gland

A

Epigastric area of the abdomen –Blood glucose regulation

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12
Q

Adrenals

Gland

A

Abdomen, above the kidneys – Regulates sodium and potassium, carbohydrate metabolism, sex hormones, and epinephrine secretion in emergencies

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13
Q

Ovaries, Testes

Gland

A

Pelvis – Male and female secondary sexual characteristics

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14
Q

Thymus

Gland

A

located in the Mediastinum in front of the heart – Regulates the immune system

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15
Q

pituitary gland

A

The pituitary gland is located at the base of the brain, as seen in Figure 4.1. This gland is considered the master gland, as it regulates the other glands of the endocrine system. The pituitary gland can be divided into anterior and posterior sections.

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16
Q

adenohypophysis

A

The anterior portion of the pituitary gland is called the adenohypophysis, and it secretes different hormones than the posterior portion of the gland

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17
Q

neurohypophysis

A

The pituitary gland posterior portion of the gland, which is called the neurohypophysis.

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17
Q

Growth hormone (GH)

adenohypophysis secretes

A

Growth hormone (GH), which regulates the growth and development of the bones and muscles, and other organs.

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18
Q

Adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH)

adenohypophysis secretes

A

Adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH), which regulates the growth of the adrenal cortex.

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19
Q

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH),

adenohypophysis secretes

A

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which stimulates the growth of the thyroid gland.

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20
Q

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)

adenohypophysis secretes

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), which control the sex glands in males and females.

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21
Q

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone,

adenohypophysis secretes

A

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone, which controls skin pigmentation.

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21
Q

Prolactin hormone,

adenohypophysis secretes

A

Prolactin hormone, which stimulates the growth and development of the mammary glands.

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22
Q

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

neurohypophysis secretes

A

The neurohypophysis secretes antidiuretic hormone (ADH), which regulates the secretion or reabsorption of water in the kidneys,

23
Q

oxytocin

neurohypophysis secretes

A

oxytocin, which stimulates the uterus to contract during childbirth and the release of milk from the mammary glands.

24
Q

pineal gland

A

The pineal gland is located in the brain, as seen in Figure 4.1. It is a small gland that secretes melatonin and serotonin.

25
Q

Melatonin

A

Melatonin is important in the regulation of the body’s sleep-wake cycle.

26
Q

Serotonin

A

Serotonin stimulates the nervous system by regulating neurotransmitters, smooth muscles, and gastric secretions.

27
Q

thyroid and parathyroid glands

A

The thyroid and parathyroid glands are both located in the neck. Their locations are shown in Figure 4.1.

28
Q

thyroid gland

A

The thyroid gland is a larger gland in the neck, anterior to the trachea. It secretes hormones that are involved in metabolism.

29
Q

thyroxine (T4)

hormones that are secreted by the thyroid gland

A

T4 maintains and regulates the basic metabolic rate of the body, growth and development of the body, and metabolism of nutrients, water, vitamins, and minerals.

30
Q

triiodothyronine (T3)

hormones that are secreted by the thyroid gland

A

T3 also regulates the basic metabolic rate.

31
Q

calcitonin

hormones that are secreted by the thyroid gland

A

Calcitonin is involved in bone and calcium metabolism

32
Q

parathyroid glands

A

The parathyroid glands are located on the thyroid gland in two pairs: a superior pair and an inferior pair.

33
Q

parathyroid

parathyroid glands secrete

A

The parathyroid glands secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH), which is involved in maintaining calcium levels and the metabolism of phosphorus.

34
Q

The pancreas and the gastrointestinal mucosa

A

The pancreas and the gastrointestinal mucosa are organs that are a part of the digestive system. However, they both have a role in the endocrine system, as they both secrete hormones. The pancreas is located in the abdomen, as seen in Figure 4.1.

35
Q

pancreas

endocrine portion

A

The endocrine portion of the pancreas consists of cell clusters called islets of Langerhans

36
Q

islets of Langerhans

pancreas endocrine portion

A

The endocrine portion of the pancreas consists of cell clusters called islets of Langerhans. The islets of Langerhans secrete the hormones insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin.

37
Q

Insulin

pancreas endocrine portion

A

Insulin stimulates the cells of the body to take in glucose from the bloodstream for metabolism.

38
Q

Glucagon

pancreas endocrine portion

A

Glucagon increases the blood glucose level by breaking down glycogen into glucose

39
Q

Somatostatin

pancreas endocrine portion

A

Somatostatin decreases the production of both insulin and glucagon.

40
Q

gastrointestinal mucosa

A

The epithelial lining of the stomach and intestines, called the gastrointestinal mucosa, secretes several hormones related to digestion.

41
Q

Gastrin

gastrointestinal mucosa

A

Gastrin stimulates the production of gastric acid in the stomach, which breaks down food.

42
Q

Secretin

gastrointestinal mucosa

A

Secretin stimulates the secretion of pancreatic enzymes, bile, and other secretions from the intestines that also are involved in the digestion of food.

43
Q

Cholecystokinin

gastrointestinal mucosa

A

Cholecystokinin controls the gallbladder

44
Q

enterogastrone

gastrointestinal mucosa

A

enterogastrone regulates secretions from the stomach.

45
Q

adrenal glands

A

The adrenal glands are two glands that are located in the abdomen, on top of the kidneys.

46
Q

adrenal cortex

The adrenal glands

A

The adrenal cortex is the outer portion of the adrenal gland, and it secretes three different types of hormones: glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and androgens.

47
Q

glucocorticoids

The adrenal glands adrenal cortex

A

Glucocorticoids are hormones that are involved in carbohydrate metabolism. The main glucocorticoid hormones are cortisol and corticosterone.

48
Q

Aldosterone

The adrenal glands adrenal cortex

A

Aldosterone is the main mineralocorticoid hormone, and it is involved in the regulation of electrolytes and fluid balance. Androgens are hormones that stimulate the development of male sexual characteristics, and they are testosterone and androsterone.

49
Q

adrenal medulla.

The adrenal glands adrenal medulla.

A

The inner portion of the adrenal gland is called the adrenal medulla.

50
Q

catecholamines

The adrenal glands adrenal medulla.

A

The hormones produced here are called catecholamines, and they are involved in nervous system regulation.

51
Q

Dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine

The adrenal glands adrenal medulla.

A

Dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine are three crucial hormones that are involved in sympathetic nervous system function.

52
Q

ovaries

Reproductive Organs

A

The ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone, two hormones that are involved in the regulation of the female sex organs.

52
Q

Reproductive Organs

A

The female ovaries and male testes are seen in

53
Q

testes

Reproductive Organs

A

The testes produce testosterone, which is involved in the regulation of the male sex organs.

54
Q

placenta

Reproductive Organs

A

An additional temporary endocrine organ is the placenta, which is produced during pregnancy. The placenta secretes hormones involved in the growth and development of the fetus.

55
Q

thymus

A

The thymus is a gland that is located in the mediastinum in front of the heart. It is shown in Figure 4.1. It secretes hormones that are involved in the function of the immune system. These hormones are thymosin and thymopoietin.

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