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Portage AP1 > AP1 module 2 study > Flashcards

AP1 module 2 study Flashcards

1
Q
  1. What are the three main functions of the respiratory system (anatomical organization)?
A

The anatomical organization of the respiratory system allows the respiratory system to perform three main functions:
1) Air conduction
2) Air filtration
3) Exchange of Gases. (also called respiration)
The respiratory system also has roles in vocalizations, the sense of smell, and the body’s pH regulation

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2
Q
  1. What are the three parts of the pharynx?
A

Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, laryngopharynx

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3
Q
  1. Identify the hard palate vs. the soft palate
A
  1. The hard plate is the roof of the mouth and the soft palate is farther back towards the throat. Also separates the nasal cavity from the mouth.
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4
Q
  1. True or false: the rings that cover the trachea are a complete circle.
A

False: the cartilaginous rings of the trachea do not meet on the posterior side

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5
Q
  1. Label the following figures
    Anterior View of the lungs:
    Label A-
    Label B-
    Label C-
    Label D-
    Label E-
    Posterior view of the larynx (“voice box”):
    Label A-
    Label B-
    Label C-
    Label D-
    Label E-
    Label F-
    Label G-
A

5
Anterior View of the lungs:
Label A- Larynx
Label B- Trachea
Label C- Bronci
Label D- Left lung
Label E- Bronchioles
Posterior view of the larynx (“voice box”):
Label A- Epiglottis
Label B- Thyroid cartilage
Label C- Larynx
Label D- Vocal folds
Label E- Cricoid cartilage
Label F- Trachea
Label G- Cartilage rings of trachea

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5
Q
  1. What important steps need to happen during the swallowing process to prevent aspiration?
A
  1. 1- The larynx rises
    2- the trachea is closed by the epiglottis. The epiglottis moves inferiorly, covering the trachea (to prevent food or liquid from entering the lungs).
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6
Q
  1. Why does the soft palate elevate during swallowing?
A
  1. The upward movement of the soft palate prevents food or liquid from entering the nasal passages during swallowing.
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7
Q
  1. What is the glottis?
A
  1. An opening in the larynx where the vocal cords (vocal folds) are located.
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7
Q
  1. What is aspiration?
A
  1. Food or liquid that accidentally enters the trachea (then lungs)
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7
Q
  1. True or False? The left lung has three lobes.
A
  1. False. The left lung has two lobes. The right lung has three lobes.
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7
Q
  1. Name two functions of the pleura.
A
  1. Facilitates movement of lungs with body wall. Enclose the lungs/pleural cavity.
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8
Q
  1. Be familiar with the labeling of the respiratory system diagrams. Know the upper respiratory diagram well and the diagram of the alveoli. In the lower respiratory system, know the location and names of the 5 lobes of the lungs.
A
  1. See figures in module
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9
Q
  1. What is the major histology type in the respiratory system?
A
  1. Ciliated pseudo-stratified columnar cell. (is the study of the cellular anatomy of a tissue or organ that can be viewed through a microscope)
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9
Q
  1. What is the name of the “floor” of the epithelium in the respiratory tract?
A
  1. Basement membrane
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10
Q
  1. Why are the cells in the respiratory epithelium called columnar cells?
A
  1. “Rectangular” in shape; taller than they are wide
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11
Q
  1. What are the wine-glass shaped mucous-producing cells?
A
  1. Goblet cells
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12
Q
  1. Where can stratified squamous epithelium be found in the respiratory system?
A
  1. Vestibule of the nose. Is found in multiple flattened layers. One example of this type of epithelium in the respiratory tract is found just inside the nostril (vestibule) of the nose.
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13
Q
  1. Describe the purpose of surfactant.
A
  1. Covers the luminal surface and keeps the alveoli from sticking together during exhalation.
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14
Q
  1. What is the most abundant cell found within the alveoli?
A
  1. Alveolar macrophages
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14
Q
  1. List and describe the two types of alveolar epithelium.
A
  1. Type 1, Type II
    Type I (alveolar cells) form the very thin simple squamous epithelium of the alveoli in junction with capillaries.
    Type II (alveolar cells) produce and secrete pulmonary surfactant which is needed throughout the alveolar surface to keep the alveoli open. In addition, Type II cells can divide to replace damaged Type I cells
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15
Q
  1. Be familiar with the diagram of the alveoli.
A
  1. See figures in module
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15
Q
  1. Explain the steps necessary for inhalation.
A
  1. Negative pressure is used to move air into the lungs:
    A negative pressure environment is created inside the lungs by the pleural space.
    The motion of the rib cage: the rib cage lifts superiorly and anteriorly to open and expand the lungs.
    The diaphragm: The diaphragm is flattened as it contracts, pulling the lungs open
    As the thoracic cavity expands and lung volume increases, the density of the density of the gases filling the lungs decreases
    Because air pressure outside of the lungs is now greater than inside (where there is negative pressure), air will naturally flow into the lungs.
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16
Q
  1. What is meant that “negative pressure” is created inside the lungs?
A
  1. This means that the pressure inside this space is less than that of the atmosphere, allowing air to naturally flow into the lungs.
17
Q
  1. True or false: Exhalation is an active process.
A
  1. Exhalation (or expiration) passively occurs. When the rib cage is lowered and the diaphragm rises, thoracic pressure increases and therefore air moves out of the lungs where the pressure is lower.
18
Q
  1. What is the function of hemoglobin?
A
  1. Hemoglobin combines with the oxygen entering the blood to carry the oxygen in the blood system from the lungs to the cells of the tissues.
19
Q
  1. What muscle is largely responsible for providing movement for respiration?
A
  1. The diaphragm
20
Q
  1. Ultimately gas exchange occurs where?
A
  1. Respiratory bronchioles and pulmonary alveoli
21
Q
  1. Most of the carbon dioxide is transported in the blood in what form?
A
  1. Bicarbonate ion
22
Q
  1. Review all respiratory physiology measurement terms and know definitions.
A
  1. Review figure and terminology in module
23
Q
  1. Boyle’s law states what?
A
  1. Gas volume is inversely proportional to pressure.
24
Q
  1. There are three gases in a tank. The partial pressure of the first is 120 mmHg, the pressure of the second is 320 mmHg. What is the partial pressure of the third at 1 atm?
A
  1. 120 mmHg + 320 mmHg = 440 mmHg.
    760 mmHg - 440 mmHg =320 mm Hg.
    (The answer is 320 mm Hg) **Remember that 1 atm = 760 mm Hg.
25
Q
  1. This law helps explain why warming the air is beneficial to the respiratory system.
A
  1. Charles’s Law
25
Q
  1. This is the amount of air able to be exhaled beyond normal exhalation.
A
  1. Expiratory reserve volume (typically around 1200mL)
26
Q
  1. This is the amount of air inhaled and exhaled in one cycle of quiet breathing.
A
  1. Tidal volume
27
Q
  1. What is cystic fibrosis?
A
  1. A serious genetic disease of excretory glands, affecting lungs and other organs; it causes production of very thick mucus that interferes with normal digestion and breathing.
28
Q
  1. Familiarize yourself with all the diseases discussed in the module.
A
  1. See module
28
Q
  1. What is pulmonary edema?
A
  1. An accumulation of fluid in the lungs
29
Q

Gross anatomy

A

is the study of the organs and structures of the human body visible to the naked eye.

30
Q

Hilum

A

is known as the “root” of the lung. This is where the pulmonary vessels and bronchi enter each lung

31
Q

pleurae

A

are membranes that cover the surface of the lung and the cavity surrounding the lungs. The pleurae reduce friction and provide a negative pressure environment needed for lung inflation. The pleurae also help to pull the lungs open with the chest wall during inhalation.

32
Q

visceral pleura

A

directly covers the lungs

33
Q

parietal pleura

A

covers the surfaces surrounding the lungs: the rib cage, diaphragm, and mediastinum

34
Q

pleural space or cavity

A

The space that is formed between the pleurae

35
Q

Conducting portion

A

i. Nostril - nasal cavities

ii. Pharynx: nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

iii. Larynx

iv. Trachea

v. Paired main (primary) bronchi (bronchi is the plural form of bronchus)

vi. Bronchioles: secondary and tertiary

36
Q

Filtration portion

A

i. Nostrils: hairs, cilia, and mucus producing goblet cells

ii. Trachea and bronchi: cilia and mucus producing goblet cells

37
Q

Respiratory portion

A

i. Respiratory bronchioles

ii. Alveolar ducts

iii. Alveolar sacs

iv. Alveoli

38
Q

Respiration includes

A
  1. Breathing: includes inspiration (breathing air in) and expiration (breathing air out)
  2. External respiration: gas exchange with the environment at a respiratory surface (See Figure 2.17)
  3. Internal respiration: gas exchange between blood and tissue fluid
  4. Aerobic cellular respiration: production of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) in cells
39
Q

Histology

A

the study of the cellular anatomy of a tissue or organ that can be viewed through a microscope

40
Q

Emphysema

A

Disease. causes damage to the alveoli . Eventually, the damage causes the inner walls of the alveoli to become weak and rupture

41
Q

Pleurisy or pleuritis

A

inflammation of the pleura (lining of the lungs) due to infection, cancer, or injury. In this condition, the pleural space fills up with air, pus, blood, or other fluids.

42
Q

visceral pleura

A

directly covers the lungs

43
Q

parietal pleura

A

covers the surfaces surrounding the lungs: the rib cage, diaphragm, and mediastinum

44
Q

pleural space

A

The space that is formed between the pleurae is called

45
Q

Nasal cavity

A

Vestibule and nasal septum

46
Q

Nasal cavity

A

nasal conchae (folds)

47
Q

vestibule

A

is the most external portion of the nasal cavity just inside the nostrils. The vestibule is lined with stratified squamous epithelium, which is a continuation of the skin from the face. Short thick hairs called vibrissae are also found here and act as a screening device for the respiratory tract.

48
Q
A

Portage AP1 (72 decks)

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