AP1 M5 problem set Flashcards
Name the three types of muscle tissue found in the body.
Cardiac, skeletal, and smooth
What does it mean that skeletal muscles are under conscious control?
Skeletal muscles are under conscious control, meaning that a person can consciously decide to use these muscles to complete an action.
What structures are included in the central nervous system?
Brain and spinal cord
Describe a motor action vs. sensory input in terms of the nervous system.
Messages from the central nervous system to a muscle are called motor actions. Nerves also carry information from the external environment and the muscles to the central nervous system, called sensation or sensory input.
True or false: The brachial plexus supplies nerves to the lower extremities.
False
Describe the difference between tendons and ligaments.
Tendons are connective tissues that connect skeletal muscle to bone at each end. Ligaments are connective tissue that connects bone to bone, helping to stabilize joints where bones meet.
Describe the meaning of muscle origin and insertion.
The origin is the bony site of attachment that is stationary during the movement. The insertion of a muscle is the bony site of attachment that is moved by the muscle contraction.
Describe the meaning of muscle action and innervation.
The action of the muscle is what effect is produced by the muscle’s contraction. The innervation is the peripheral nerve that supplies a muscle with the message from the brain.
Your patient injured her ankle while playing soccer. She sustained injuries to the tendons of peroneus longus and peroneus brevis. What actions would be impaired due to this injury?
Plantarflexion and eversion of foot
Your patient is having difficulty with scapular retraction. Name two muscles that are most likely involved in this limitation.
Trapezius, rhomboids (minor/major)
Your patient has bilateral damage to the facial nerves (CN VII). Name at least three muscles that would be impaired.
Could include any three: Orbicularis oculi, Orbicularis oris, Zygomaticus major/minor, Risorius, Frontalis, Buccinator
If the obturator nerve was injured, what muscles would be impaired? Name at least two.
Adductor longus, adductor brevis, adductor magnus, and gracilis are all acceptable responses.
What types of muscle tissue are under involuntary control?
Smooth muscle and cardiac muscle are under involuntary control.
Under the microscope, what types of muscle appear to be striated or striped in appearance?
Under the microscope, skeletal and cardiac muscle appear to be striated or striped in appearance.
True or false: Muscles can only push, not pull.
False
What muscle would be in an antagonistic pair with the tibialis anterior?
Gastrocnemius
Why do muscles need to work in pairs?
Muscles can only pull, so one muscle must act to contract in one direction, while the opposite muscle in the antagonistic pair moves the bone in the opposite direction.
Define the following terms: Flexion, Extension, Dorsiflexion, Plantarflexion, Radial Deviation, and Ulnar Deviation
Flexion - closing of a joint, “bending”
Extension - opening of a joint, “straightening”
Dorsiflexion - flexion superiorly occurring at the subtalar (ankle) joint
Plantarflexion - flexion inferiorly occurring at the subtalar (ankle) joint
Radial Deviation - lateral movement of the wrist towards the radius
Ulnar Deviation - medial movement of the wrist towards the ulna
True or false: Myosin is known as the thin filament.
False
True or false: One sarcomere is from one Z line to one Z line.
True
When a muscle contraction occurs, what lines move closer together towards the center of the sarcomere (M line)?
Z lines
What is the name of the junction where a motor neuron meets with a muscle?
Neuromuscular junction
The release of acetylcholine from the motor neuron triggers the influx of which ion?
Sodium
In response to the action potential in the sarcolemma, the sarcoplasmic reticulum releases which ion?
Calcium
What needs to happen for muscle relaxation to occur
Once the calcium ions return to the sarcoplasmic reticulum, relaxation of the muscle occurs
