MT M 4 problem set

Question 1

Describe the function of the endocrine system. Define a gland. Define a hormone.

Answer 1

The function of the endocrine system is to control the secretion of hormones from glands located throughout the body. A gland is an organ that secretes hormones into the bloodstream. A hormone is a chemical substance that is released in small amounts and travels through the bloodstream to other tissues and organs to transfer information or instructions. (Section 4.1)

Question 2

Why is the pituitary gland known as the master gland? What are the sections of the pituitary gland? Be familiar with the hormones secreted by each section and their functions, listed in section 4.2.

Answer 2

The pituitary gland is known as the master gland because it regulates the other glands of the body. The sections of the pituitary gland are the anterior lobe, adenohypophysis, and the posterior lobe, neurohypophysis. (Section 4.2)

Question 3

What are the roles of the hormones secreted by the thyroid gland?

Answer 3

The roles of the hormones secreted by the thyroid gland are to maintain the basic metabolic rate of the body, the growth of the body, and the metabolism of nutrients, water, vitamins, and minerals. (Section 4.2)

Question 4

The adrenal cortex secretes three groups of hormones known as the A) __, B) __, and C) __. Be familiar with the functions of these three groups of hormones.

Answer 4

A) Glucocorticoids, B) Mineralocorticoids, and C) Androgens. (Section 4.2)

Question 5

Where is the thymus gland located, and what is the function of the hormones secreted by this gland?

Answer 5

The thymus gland is located in the mediastinum and the hormones secreted by this function in the immune system. (Section 4.2)

Question 6

What is the function of the nervous system? What are the main divisions of the nervous system?

Answer 6

The function of the nervous system is to coordinate all of the activities of the body through receiving information, interpreting that information, and then sending responses to the body to maintain homeostasis. The main divisions of the nervous system are the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. (Sections 4.5 and 4.6)

Question 7

What are the names of the meninges that cover the brain and the four major structures of the brain?

Answer 7

The three meninges are the dura mater, the pia mater, and the arachnoid mater. The four major structures of the brain are the cerebellum, the cerebrum, the brain stem, and the diencephalon. (Section 4.6)

Question 8

What are the three functions of the spinal cord?

Answer 8

The main functions of the spinal cord are to 1) conduct sensory impulses from the peripheral nervous system to the brain, 2) conduct motor impulses from the brain to the peripheral nervous system, and 3) process the body’s reflexes. (Section 4.6)

Question 9

Where do cranial nerves originate, and what are their functions? Where do spinal nerves originate, and what are their functions?

Answer 9

The cranial nerves originate in the brain. Their functions are to innervate the senses, the motor movements of the head and shoulders, swallowing, breathing, speech, and the muscles of the thoracic and abdominal cavities. Spinal nerves originate in the spinal cord, and they have sensory and motor functions throughout the body. (Section 4.6)

Question 10

What are the two branches of the autonomic nervous system? What are their functions?

Answer 10

The autonomic nervous system has two divisions: the sympathetic division and the parasympathetic division. These two divisions have opposite effects on the body. The parasympathetic branch regulates the daily functioning of the body and maintains homeostasis. The sympathetic branch is activated in emergency situations and creates the “fight-or-flight” response to stress. (Section 4.6)

Question 11

What is the function of the ear?

Answer 11

The function of the ear is to detect sound waves and transmit that sound to the brain. It also facilitates balance, positioning, and equilibrium in the body. (Section 4.10)

Question 12

What are the divisions of the ear? What are the main components of each section? Be familiar with how sound travels through the ear.

Answer 12

The divisions of the ear are the outer ear, the middle ear, and the inner ear. The outer ear consists of the auricle and the external acoustic meatus, ending at the tympanic membrane. The middle ear consists of the ossicles, ending at the oval window. The inner ear consists of the cochlea, vestibule, and semicircular canals and ends at the cochlear nerve. (Section 4.10)

Question 13

What is the function of the eye?

Answer 13

The function of the eye is to detect light and to translate that light into signals the brain can process for vision. (Section 4.10)

Question 14

What are the divisions of the eye? What are the main functions of each section?

Answer 14

The eye consists of the sclera, cornea, pupil and lens, ciliary body, choroid, vitreous body, and retina. The sclera is the outer, white portion of the eye. The cornea is the transparent anterior portion of the eye. The middle portion of the eye contains the iris, which is the colored membrane, and the pupil, which is the circular opening in the iris. The ciliary body controls the lens shape and secretes aqueous humor. The choroid is an internal membrane that prevents the internal reflection of light within the eyeball. The retina is the innermost layer of the eye where the light is focused. It contains the photoreceptive cells that translate light waves into nerve impulses. (Section 4.10.2)

Question 15

What specialized cells in the nose and on the tongue detect smell and taste?

Answer 15

The cilia in the nose detect smell molecules in the air and the taste-buds on the tongue detect these senses. (Section 4.10)

Question 16

Use the combining forms adren/o and adrenal/o, meaning adrenal gland, and the suffixes found in Table 1.7 in Module 1 to form medical terms that mean the following:

a. Pertaining to the adrenal gland

b. Of adrenal origin or formed in the adrenal gland

c. Surgical removal of the adrenal gland

d. Adrenal gland inflammation

e. Adrenal gland disease

Answer 16

A) adrenal

B) adrenogenic

C) adrenalectomy

D) adrenalitis

E) adrenalopathy (Section 4.3, Table 4.2 of Module 4, and Table 1.7 of Module 1)

Question 17

Use the combining form crin/o, meaning to secrete, the prefix endo- meaning within, and the suffixes found in Table 1.7 in Module 1 to form medical terms that mean the following:
a. Study of the glands that secrete within
b. One who studies the glands that secrete within
c. Tumor of the glands that secrete within
d. Disease of the glands that secrete within

Answer 17

A) endocrinology

B) endocrinologist

C) endocrinoma

D) endocrinopathy (Section 4.3, Table 4.2 of Module 4, and Table 1.7 of Module 1)

Question 18

Use the combining form pancreat/o, meaning the pancreas, and the suffixes found in Table 1.7 in Module 1 to form medical terms that mean the following:
a. Pertaining to the pancreas
b. Surgical removal of the pancreas
c. Inflammation of the pancreas
d. Of pancreatic origin or formed in the pancreas
e. Enlargement of the pancreas

Answer 18

A) pancreatic

B) pancreatectomy

C) pancreatitis

D) pancreatogenic

E) pancreatomegaly (Section 4.3, Table 4.2 of Module 4, and Table 1.7 of Module 1)

Question 19

Use the combining form parathyroid/o, meaning the parathyroid gland, and the suffixes found in Table 1.7 in Module 1 to form medical terms that mean the following:
a. Pertaining to the parathyroid gland
b. Surgical excision of the parathyroid gland
c. State of excessive parathyroid gland secretion. Use the prefix hyper-
d. State of insufficient parathyroid gland secretion. Use the prefix hypo-

Answer 19

A) parathyroidal

B) parathyroidectomy

C) hyperparathyroidism

D) hypoparathyroidism

Question 20

Use the combining form pituitar/o, meaning the pituitary gland, the prefixes hypo- and hyper-, and the suffixes found in Table 1.7 in Module 1 to form medical terms that mean the following:
a. State of insufficient pituitary gland secretion
b. State of excessive pituitary gland secretion

Answer 20

A) hypopituitarism

B) hyperpituitarism

Question 21

Use the combining form thyr/o and thyroid/o, meaning the thyroid gland, and the suffixes found in Table 1.7 in Module 1 to form medical terms that mean the following:
a. Removal of the thyroid gland
b. Enlargement of the thyroid gland
c. State of excessive production of thyroid hormone. Also use combining form toxic/o.
d. Stimulating the thyroid gland. Use suffix -tropic meaning development, nourishment.

Note: A medical dictionary is helpful in determining the correct word root when learning. This is not permitted for use on an exam.

Answer 21

A) thyroidectomy

B) thyromegaly

C) thyrotoxicosis

D) thyrotropic

Question 22

Use the suffixes -al, -ar, -ic meaning pertaining to, and the combining forms found in Table 4.4 to form medical terms that mean the following:
a. Pertaining to the cerebellum
b. Pertaining to nerves
c. Pertaining to meninges
d. Pertaining to the brain
e. Pertaining to the cerebrum and the spine
f. Pertaining to the cerebrum

Note: A medical dictionary is helpful in determining the correct suffix when learning. This is not permitted for use on an exam.

Answer 22

A) cerebellar

B) neural

C) meningeal

D) encephalic

E) cerebrospinal

F) cerebral

Question 23

Use the suffix -itis, meaning inflammation, and the combining forms found in Table 4.4 to form medical terms that mean the following:
a. Inflammation of a nerve root
b. Inflammation of many nerves. Use prefix poly- meaning many
c. Spinal cord and nerve inflammation
d. Spinal cord inflammation
e. Meninges inflammation
f. Brain inflammation
g. Cerebrum inflammation
h. Cerebellum inflammation
i. Meninges and spinal cord inflammation

Answer 23

A) radiculitis

B) polyneuritis

C) myeloneuritis

D) myelitis

E) meningitis

F) encephalitis

G) cerebritis

H) cerebellitis

I) meningomelitis

Question 24

Use the suffix -pathy, meaning disease, and the combining forms found in Table 4.4 to form medical terms that mean the following:
a. Brain disease
b. Spinal cord disease
c. Nerve disease
d. Nerve root disease

Answer 24

A) encephalopathy

B) myelopathy

C) neuropathy

D) radiculopathy

Question 25

Use the suffix -sclerosis, meaning hardening, the suffix -malacia, meaning softening, and the combining forms found in Table 4.4 to form medical terms that mean the following:
a. Hardening of the spinal cord
b. Hardening of the cerebrum
c. Hardening of the brain
d. Abnormal softening of the spinal cord
e. Abnormal softening of the cerebrum
f. Abnormal softening of the brain

Answer 25

A) myelosclerosis

B) cerebrosclerosis

C) encephalosclerosis

D) myelomalacia

E) cerebromalacia

F) encephalomalacia

Question 26

Define the following terms:

a. Blepharoptosis
b. Corneal
c. Dacryorrhea
d. Iritis
e. Optic

Answer 26

A) Drooping eyelid

B) Pertaining to the cornea

C) Tear discharge

D) Inflammation of the iris

E) Pertaining to vision

Question 26

Use the suffix -plegia, meaning paralysis, and the prefixes found in Table 1.8 of Module 1 to form medical terms that mean the following:
a. Paralysis of four limbs
b. Half Paralysis
c. Nerve paralysis. Use combining form, neur/o, meaning nerve.
d. Iris paralysis. Use combining form, irid/o, meaning iris.
e. Eyelid paralysis. Use combining form, blephar/o, meaning eyelid.

Answer 26

A) quadriplegia

B) hemiplegia

C) neuroplegia

D) iridoplegia

E) blepharoplegia

Question 27

Create medical terms from the special senses combining forms in Table 4.6 and the common suffixes found in Table 1.7 using the following definitions:

a. Pertaining to nose and tears
b. Tear gland inflammation
c. Cutting into the iris
d. Surgical repair of the eyelid
e. Pertaining to within the eye

Answer 27

A) nasolacrimal

B) dacryoadenitis

C) iridotomy

D) blepharoplasty

E) intraocular

Question 28

Define the following terms:

a. Lacrimal
b. Oculomycosis
c. Opthalmoplegia
d. Optometry
e. Phacosclerosis

Answer 28

A) Pertaining to tears

B) Abnormal condition of eye fungus

C) eye paralysis

D) Process of measuring vision

E) hardening of the lens

Question 29

What is the definition of the medical term pupillary? What is the combining form in this term?

Answer 29

Pupillary means pertaining to the pupil. The combining form is pupil/o meaning pupil.

Question 30

Provide the medical term that means inflammation of the sclera. What combining form is in this term?

Answer 30

Scleritis is the medical term that means inflammation of the sclera. The combining form is scler/o meaning sclera.

Question 31

Identify the combining forms, prefixes, and suffixes found in the term, olfactory agnosia. Determine and identify the condition that this term refers to. Hint: gnosia is a combining form that means perception or knowledge.

Answer 31

Olfactory: olfact/o meaning smell; -y means pertaining to; agnosia: a- means without; gnosia = knowledge, perception. Olfactory agnosia is the condition of being unable to identify smells; literally without knowledge pertaining to smell. (Table 4.6 of Module 4 and Tables 1.7 and 1.8 of Module 1)

Question 32

An audiologist is one who studies hearing. Use the combining form in the term audiologist and create a term for the process of measuring a patient’s hearing and a term for the record of hearing.

Answer 32

Audi/o is the combining form in audiologist. Audiometry is the process of measuring hearing, and an audiogram is a record of a patient’s hearing. (Table 4.6 of Module 4 and Table 1.7 of module 1)

Question 33

What are the definitions of A) aural, B) cochlear, C) nasal?

Answer 33

A) pertaining to the ear
B) pertaining to the cochlea
C) pertaining to the nose
(Table 4.6 of Module 4 and Table 1.7 of Module 1)

Question 34

Use the combining form ot/o, meaning the ear and the suffixes found in Table 1.7 in Module 1 to form medical terms that mean the following:
a. The study of the ear
b. One who studies the ear
c. Abnormal condition of ear fungus. Hint: Use the combining form, myc/o, meaning fungus.
d. Process of visually examining the ear

Answer 34

A) otology

B) otologist

C) otomycosis

D) otoscopy

Question 35

Use the suffix -phonia, meaning voice, and the prefixes found in Table 1.8 in Module 1 to create form medical terms that mean without a voice and an abnormal, difficult voice.

Answer 35

Aphonia is a medical term that means without a voice and dysphonia is a medical term that means an abnormal or difficult voice. (Table 1.7 of Module 1)

Question 36

Define the following terms:
a. Nasosinusitis
b. Pansinusitis
c. Sinusitis

Answer 36

A) inflammation of the nose and sinus

B) inflammation of all of the sinuses

C) sinus inflammation. (Table 4.6 of module 4 and table 1.7 of module 1)

Question 37

Tympanic means pertaining to the tympanic membrane or eardrum. Use the combining form in tympanic to create medical terms that mean the following:
a. Surgical repair of the eardrum
b. Eardrum rupture. Hint: use the suffix, -rrhexis, meaning rupture.
c. Incision of the eardrum
d. Process of measuring movement of the eardrum

Answer 37

A) tympanoplasty

B) tympanorrhexis

C) Tympanotomy

D) tympanometry
(Table 4.6 of Module 4 and Table 1.7 of Module 1)

Question 38

Identify the condition associated with fatigue, muscle weakness, a moon face, buffalo hump, and hirsutism. What gland(s) may be involved in this condition?

Answer 38

Cushing’s disease is associated with these physical exam findings. The glands that may be involved are the adrenal glands and the pituitary gland. (Section 4.4.1)

Question 39

A 54-year-old female presented with the complaint of muscle weakness, hair loss, coarse dry skin, fatigue, and confusion. On physical examination, a goiter is felt in her neck, and she has had a 10-lb weight gain over the past year. What is a possible diagnosis? What would the treatment be for this condition?

Answer 39

These are symptoms of hypothyroidism. Treatment for hypothyroidism is with synthetic thyroid hormone. (Section 4.4)

Question 40

Identify the symptoms of Graves’ disease. Identify the hormone that has increased secretion in this disease.

Answer 40

The symptoms of hyperthyroidism and Graves’ disease include hyperactivity, nervousness, irritability, sweating, palpitations, weight loss, diarrhea, and easy fatigue. These are largely the result of an increased basal metabolic rate due to increased thyroid hormone. Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disease where antibodies stimulate the thyroid to produce too much T4. (Section 4.4)

Question 41

Polyuria, albuminuria, and ketonuria are abnormal conditions of the urine. Name the disease that results in these conditions if left untreated.

Answer 41

Diabetes mellitus. (Section 4.4)

Question 42

Describe the differences between the two subtypes of diabetes mellitus.

Answer 42

The two subtypes of diabetes mellitus are insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. IDDM is a result of the pancreas no longer secreting the hormone insulin, and NIDDM is a result of the body’s cells no longer properly responding to the insulin that is secreted. IDDM is treated with insulin injections. NIDDM is treated with

Question 43

Name the screening tool used in the diagnosis of dementia.

Answer 43

The mini-mental state examination is used in the diagnosis of dementia. (Section 4.8)

Question 44

Identify the disease and the neurotransmitter that is deficient in a patient with a tremor at rest, bradykinesia, shuffling gait, and rigidity.

Answer 44

The disease is Parkinson’s disease, and it is the result of decreased levels of dopamine. (Section 4.8)

Question 45

Describe the treatment option available to Parkinson’s disease patients when the medications to increase the levels of dopamine are no longer effective.

Answer 45

Deep brain stimulation is a surgically implanted device that stimulates the motor centers of the brain. (Section 4.8)

Question 46

Name the most common type of primary brain tumor.

Answer 46

An astrocytoma is the most common primary brain tumor.
(Section 4.8)

Question 47

What are the differences between a glioma, neuroma, and a meningioma?

Answer 47

A glioma is a tumor made of nervous tissue. A neuroma is a tumor of the nerves. A meningioma is a tumor of the meninges. (Section 4.8)

Question 48

Multiple sclerosis is a disease of the central nervous system. Describe the damage that occurs to the nerves in this disease.

Answer 48

The nerves are damaged by the immune system through inflammation, demyelination, and then scarring. The resulting damage to the nerves is then called a plaque. (Section 4.8)

Question 49

Describe the differences between a hemorrhagic stroke and an ischemic stroke.

Answer 49

A hemorrhagic stroke is uncontrolled bleeding in the brain from a ruptured aneurysm or blood vessel. Ischemic strokes occur when the blood flow to the brain is blocked via a blood clot or compressed from outside the blood vessel. (Section 4.8)

Question 50

Describe the two types of hearing loss and their causes.

Answer 50

Conductive hearing loss occurs when the sound cannot travel to the inner ear for interpretation. This occurs if there is a blockage in the ear canal or if there is damage to the ossicles in the middle ear. Sensorineural hearing loss occurs when the cochlea deteriorates. This is most common as a person gets older. (Section 4.12)

Question 51

Describe the two different treatment strategies for patients with sensorineural hearing loss.

Answer 51

Patients with sensorineural hearing loss can be prescribed hearing aids for amplification of sound waves. Patients also can receive a cochlear implant that senses the environmental sounds and then electronically stimulates the cochlea. (Section 4.12)

Question 52

Fill in the blanks: A patient with increased intraocular pressure is diagnosed with A) _____. The instrument used to measure intraocular pressure is called B) _____.

Answer 52

A) glaucoma
B) tonometer.
(Section 4.12)

Question 53

Patients with acute closed-angle glaucoma can be treated with an iridectomy. A) Break down the medical term iridectomy into its word parts. B) Explain how this procedure would help in patients with this condition.

Answer 53

A) Iridectomy: combining form irid/o = iris; -ectomy = surgical excision.
B) An iridectomy is a surgical excision of a portion of the iris. This would help prevent acute closed-angle glaucoma from occurring again as the iris cannot block the anterior angle of the eye and the canal of Schlemm. (Table 1.7 of Module 1, Table 4.6 and Section 4.12 of Module 4)

Question 54

Fill in the blanks: A patient with complaints of fever and otalgia, as well as a bulging tympanic membrane seen on physical exam, leads to a diagnosis of A) _____. This patient will be prescribed B) _____ and _____.

Answer 54

A) Acute otitis media.
B) This patient will be prescribed oral antibiotics and nasal decongestants.
(Section 4.12)

Question 55

Fill in the blanks: A patient presents with itchy, watery eyes due to seasonal allergies. The inflammation of the conjunctiva is also called A) _____. This condition can also be caused by two different infectious agents, B) _____ and _____.

Answer 55

A) conjunctivitis.
B) Conjunctivitis can also be caused by infections from bacteria or viruses.
(Section 4.12)

Question 56

Describe the differences between bacterial conjunctivitis and viral conjunctivitis.

Answer 56

Bacterial conjunctivitis typically causes a purulent drainage of the eye that can crust overnight. The drainage from viral conjunctivitis is typically watery and thinner. (Section 4.12)

Question 57

Describe the condition that is the most common cause of blindness in the world. What is the treatment option available for patients with this condition?

Answer 57

Cataracts are the most common cause of blindness in the world. They are caused by opacities that develop on the lens. Patients experience progressively blurry vision and difficulty with night vision and bright light. Patients are treated with surgical lens removal and placement of a lens implant. (Section 4.12)

Question 58

Describe the condition of vertigo.

Answer 58

Vertigo is the sensation of movement when the patient is not moving or an exaggerated sense of movement in response to motion. (Section 4.12)