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Hematozoa Flashcards

1
Q

Hematozoa Includes

A

Malaria
Babesia

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2
Q

World malaria day

A

April 27th

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3
Q

Malaria month in India

A

June

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4
Q

P. Vivax is characterized by

A

Benign tertian - 48 hr cycle

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5
Q

P. Falciperum is characterized by

A

Malignant tertian - Cerberal malaria (48 hrs)

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6
Q

Which Species causes Benign tertian malaria (48 hrs cycles)

A

P. Vivax
P. ovale

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7
Q

Which species cause malignant tertian malaria

A

P. Falciperum - Cerebral Malaria

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8
Q

Which Species causes Quartan malaria (72 hrs cycles)

A

P. Malariae

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9
Q

Which species causes Quotidian (daily)

A

P. Knowlessi

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10
Q

How many gametocytes needed to be in blood so infection can goes to mosquito

A

Atleast 12 gametocytes/microlitre in blood

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11
Q

Incubation period of every Plasmodium species

A

P. Vivax - 13 to 17 days
P. Falciperum - 12 days
P. Malariae - 28 to 30 days
P. Ovale - 13 to 17 days
P. Knowlessi - 8 to 10 days

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12
Q

Definitive host in case of Malaria

A

Female anopheles mosquito

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13
Q

Intermediate host in Malaria

A

Human

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14
Q

Infective form to humans in case of Malaria

A

Sporozoites from saliva
Trophozoites from blood and mother to child

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15
Q

Infective form to Mosquito in case of Malaria

A

Gametocytes - gives to mosquito

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16
Q

3 Properties seen in case of Malaria

A

Cytoadherence
Rosetting
Agglutination

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17
Q

Cytoadherence means

A

Binding of parasites protein pfEMP to ICAM 1 Receptor

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18
Q

Rosetting means

A

Parasitized and unparasitized RBCs are gonna clump

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19
Q

Agglutination means

A

All parasitized RBCs agglutinates/clumps

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20
Q

Exoerythrocytic Cycle of Malaria

A

Mosquito injects Sporozoites - Liver cell - infect liver cells - Schizont - Ruptured Schizont - enters blood

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21
Q

Erythrocytic cycle in case of Malaria

A

Enters blood - deposits on RBC - immature trophozoite - Mature trophozoite - Schizont - Ruptured Schizont - again repeated

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22
Q

Malaria life cycle in female Anopheles

A

Mature trophozoite - Gametocytes - mosquito takes blood meal (ingests gametocytes) - mating of gametocytes - ookinete (motile) - oocyst (non motile) - ruptured oocyst - release of sporozoites - bites human

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23
Q

Hypnozoites are seen in which organ

A

Liver

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24
Q

Characteristics of Malaria due to Blood transfusion

A

Directly Sporozoites in blood - No exo erythrocytic cycle
Hypnozoites not seen
Incubation period short
Relapse not seen

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25
Q

Prepatent phase means

A

Interval between Entry of sporozoites into body to first parasite in blood

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26
Q

Relapse is seen in case of which Plasmodium species

A

Hypnozoites activated time to time
Seen in P. Vivax and P. Ovale

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27
Q

Recrudescence is seen in which Plasmodium species

A

Shown by P Falciperum and P. malariae
Due to inadequate treatment/resistant to treatment

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28
Q

Benign Malaria phases

A

Febrile paroxysms
Cold phase - chills, shivering
Hot phase - Fever
Sweating phase - Sweat (fall in fever)

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29
Q

Most common cytokines involved in Benign Malaria

A

TNf - alpha
By erythrocytic Schizogony

30
Q

Malignant Malaria Clinical features

A

P. Falciperum - Cerberal Malaria
Fever, headache, nausea, Hepatosplenomegaly
Confusion
Paralysis
Coma

31
Q

Pathological finding in case of Malaria

A

Durck Granuloma

32
Q

Blackwater fever in Malaria is due to

A

RBC breakdown (intravascular hemolysis) - leads to Hburia

33
Q

Renal manifestation and most commonly associated with which Plasmodium species

A

Nephrotic syndrome (MGN)
M/C with P. Malariae

34
Q

Tropical Splenomegaly in malaria is due to

A

Due to chronic/repeated infections in tropical countries - Reticuloendothelial hyperplasia

35
Q

Algid malaria means

A

Malaria with circulatory failure

36
Q

P. Knowlessi features

A

Quotidian (fever daily)
IP - 8 to 10 days
Vector - Anopheles Leucosphyrus
Monkeys
Malaysia

37
Q

Immunity against malaria is seen in which conditions

A

Sickle cell trait
Thalassemia trait
Fetal Hb
G6PD Deficiency
Ovalocytosis
Duffy -ve RBC

38
Q

Gold standard diagnosis method for Malaria

A

Light Microscopy - Thick and Thin smear

39
Q

Thick smear property and sensitivity

A

Done to quantify malaria
Sensitivity - 5 parasites/ml

40
Q

Thin smear property and Sensitivity

A

For species identification
Sensitivity - 200 parasites/ml

41
Q

Stain used in case of Malaria

A

Romanowsky stain - Giemsa stain, Leishman stain, Wright stain, Field stain
Jaswant singh Bhattacharya stain

42
Q

Vivax and ovale involves which type of RBCs

A

Affects Young RBCs - enlarged

43
Q

Falciperum involves which type of RBCs

A

Affect all ages

44
Q

P. Malariae involves which type of RBCs

A

Affects old RBCs

45
Q

Microscopic examination in case of P. Vivax

A

Schuffner dots

46
Q

Microscopic examination finding in case of P. falciperum

A

Maurer’s cleft

47
Q

Microscopic examination finding in case of P. Malariae

A

Zeimann’s dots

48
Q

Microscopic examination finding in case of P. Ovale

A

James dots

49
Q

Shape of Early and developing trophozoites seen in P vivax

A

Ring form (Early trophozoites) - One ring, one dot
Developing Trophozoites - Amoeboid form

50
Q

Micro gametocytes and Macro Gametocytes shape in case of P. Vivax

A

Micro gametocytes(Males) - Oval, central chromatin
Macro Gametocytes (Females) - oval, eccentric chromatin

51
Q

Shape of Early and late trophozoites in case of P. Falciperum

A

Ring form(Early trophozoites) - multiple rings nd multiple dots
Developing Trophozoites - Accole/applique form(Margination of ring)

52
Q

Shape of Micro gametocytes and Macro Gametocytes in case of P. Falciperum

A

Banana shaped
Micro gametocytes (Males) - Chromatin Spread out, broad ends
Macro Gametocytes (Females) - Pointer ends, Chromatin organised

53
Q

Fluorescent microscopy and dye used in case of Malaria

A

Kawamoto technique
Fluorescent dye - acridine dye

54
Q

QBC (Quantitative buffy coat) analysis procedure in malaria

A

Blood - On centrifugation - Plasma at top, WBC and platelets - Buffy coat
RBC - at bottom

55
Q

Beforehand fluorescent dye used in case of QBC Analysis

A

Already coated with Acridine Orange - organism shine out on microscope

56
Q

Most sensitive test for Malaria

57
Q

RDT (Rapid Diagnostic test) Principle

A

Card test
Immunochromatographic testing
Sensitivity - 500 to 100 parasites/microlitre

58
Q

All malaria species have which antigen

A

Aldolase and LDH antigen

59
Q

Which antigen is only present in P. Falciperum

A

HRP-2 (Histidine rich protein 2)

60
Q

Pigment seen in malaria

A

Yellow brown (Hemazoin)

61
Q

Babesia Features

A

Intraerythrocytic protozoa
No Hemazoin pigment

62
Q

Microscopic finding seen in case of Babesia

A

Maltese cross appearance - tetrad of rings

63
Q

Definitive host in case of Babesia

A

Hard ixodic tick

64
Q

Intermediate host in case of Babesia

A

Rodent/Mammal

65
Q

Accidental host seen in case of Babesia

66
Q

Clinical features in case of Babesia

A

Fever
Malaise
Chills
Sweating

67
Q

Treatment of Babesia

A

Azithromycin + Atovaquone
For severe cases (>10% parasitemia) - Clindamycin + Quinine

68
Q

Host in case of Babesia microti and Babesia Divergens

A

B. Microti - Rodent
B. Divergens - Cattle

69
Q

Which produces severe clinical features - B. Microti or Divergens

A

Babesia Divergens

70
Q

Maltese cross appearance seen in

A

Babesia
Lipid urine (Nephrotic)
Fabry disease (urine)
Cryptococcus (CSF)

Microbiology (37 decks)

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