Exam 4 Study Flashcards
 Which Motor proteins carry stuff away from the cell body in axonal transport?
Kinesins
Which motor proteins carry stuff back to the cell body in axonal transport?
Dyneins
Ion concentration of K+ in/out of cell
150mM/4mM
Concentration of Ca^2+ in/out of cell
.0001mM/2.5mM
Concentration of Na+ in/out of cell
20mM/145mM
Concentration of Cl- in/out of cell
7mM/150mM
Don’t forget that it is negatively charged!
Na+/K+ ATPase pump
3 Na+ out, 2 K+ in
What kind of channels open in a local potential?
Ligand gated channels
Speed of continuous conduction
2m/s
Speed of saltatory conduction
120 m/s
Types of Neurotransmitters
Acetylcholine
Amino acid
Monoamines
Neuropeptides
Which neurotransmitter is an amino acid?
GABA
Neuropeptides are chains of amino acids
Which neural transmitters are under the group monoamines? 
Serotonin
Histamine
Catecholamines:
-Epinephrine
-Norepinephrine
-Dopamine
Which kind of Neuro transmitters synapse with Adrenergic Receptors?
Catecholamines
What does GABA open? What happens?
GABA opens Cl- Channels, Cl- floods in cell
hyperpolarization
What you catecholamines trigger after they attach to adrenergic receptors?
G protein receptors activates cAMP and has downstream effects
EPSP’s do what?
Excitatory; Na+ depolarize from increase of Na+ into cell
IPSP’s do what?
Inhibitory, Hyperpolarize
Presynaptic facilitation or inhibition is what?
Another neuron helps presynaptic neuron to fire or not fire.
Muscle levels from outermost to innermost
Fascia
Muscle
Fascicle
Muscle fiber
Myofibril
Sarcomere
Myofilaments
Epimysium, Perimysium, Enomysium are located where in the muscle?
Epimysium: Directly Under facia Surrounding muscle
Perimysium: Surrounds fascicles
Epimysium: Surrounds muscle fiber
Muscle fiber is made of what?
Made of myofibrils
Myofibrils are made of what
Bundle of myofilaments
Myofilaments are made of what?
Individual filaments
What is excitation – contraction coupling?
Second phase of muscle stimulation:
AP goes down T tubules, DHR receptor is key that opens Ryanodine Receptor;
Calcium released from SR at terminal cisterns
Nerve gas blocks what? What happens?
Blocks acetylcholinesterase
Paralysis, death from asphyxiation
Botulinum toxin blocks what? does what?
Blocks acetyl choline released from axon terminals
Paralysis
Clinical botulinum toxin helps
Helps overactive muscles
Excessive gland activity
Migraines
Reduce wrinkles
Type one, slow oxidative fibers:
Low what and high what?
Abundant in two things:
Low myosin – ATPase activity
High oxidative capacity
Abundant mitochondria and myoglobin
Type 2B:fast- glycolytic fibers
High in 2 things
Color, how many ATP?
High myosin – ATPase activity
High glycolytic activity
White, 2 ATP
Myasthenia gravis
Symptoms
Causes
Treatment
Symptoms: muscle fatigue and weakness that gets worse as muscle is used
Cause: how do you mean destruction of nicotinic ACh– receptor proteins of motor end plate
Treatment: AChE inhibitors
Rigor mortis symptoms, cause, diminishes
Hardening of muscles and Stiffness of body 3 to 4 hours after death
Cause colon deterioration of SR releases calcium
Muscles can’t relax until mile filaments decay
Peaks at 12 hours, diminishes over 48–60 hours
