Exam 4 Study

Question 1

 Which Motor proteins carry stuff away from the cell body in axonal transport?

Answer 1

Kinesins

Question 2

Which motor proteins carry stuff back to the cell body in axonal transport?

Answer 2

Dyneins

Question 3

Ion concentration of K+ in/out of cell

Answer 3

150mM/4mM

Question 4

Concentration of Ca^2+ in/out of cell

Answer 4

.0001mM/2.5mM

Question 5

Concentration of Na+ in/out of cell

Answer 5

20mM/145mM

Question 6

Concentration of Cl- in/out of cell

Answer 6

7mM/150mM
Don’t forget that it is negatively charged!

Question 7

Na+/K+ ATPase pump

Answer 7

3 Na+ out, 2 K+ in

Question 8

What kind of channels open in a local potential?

Answer 8

Ligand gated channels

Question 9

Speed of continuous conduction

Answer 9

2m/s

Question 10

Speed of saltatory conduction

Answer 10

120 m/s

Question 11

Types of Neurotransmitters

Answer 11

Acetylcholine
Amino acid
Monoamines
Neuropeptides

Question 12

Which neurotransmitter is an amino acid?

Answer 12

GABA
Neuropeptides are chains of amino acids

Question 13

Which neural transmitters are under the group monoamines? 

Answer 13

Serotonin
Histamine
Catecholamines:
-Epinephrine
-Norepinephrine
-Dopamine

Question 14

Which kind of Neuro transmitters synapse with Adrenergic Receptors?

Answer 14

Catecholamines

Question 15

What does GABA open? What happens?

Answer 15

GABA opens Cl- Channels, Cl- floods in cell
hyperpolarization

Question 16

What you catecholamines trigger after they attach to adrenergic receptors?

Answer 16

G protein receptors activates cAMP and has downstream effects

Question 17

EPSP’s do what?

Answer 17

Excitatory; Na+ depolarize from increase of Na+ into cell

Question 18

IPSP’s do what?

Answer 18

Inhibitory, Hyperpolarize

Question 19

Presynaptic facilitation or inhibition is what?

Answer 19

Another neuron helps presynaptic neuron to fire or not fire.

Question 20

Muscle levels from outermost to innermost

Answer 20

Fascia
Muscle
Fascicle
Muscle fiber
Myofibril
Sarcomere
Myofilaments

Question 21

Epimysium, Perimysium, Enomysium are located where in the muscle?

Answer 21

Epimysium: Directly Under facia Surrounding muscle
Perimysium: Surrounds fascicles
Epimysium: Surrounds muscle fiber

Question 22

Muscle fiber is made of what?

Answer 22

Made of myofibrils

Question 23

Myofibrils are made of what

Answer 23

Bundle of myofilaments

Question 24

Myofilaments are made of what?

Answer 24

Individual filaments

Question 25

What is excitation – contraction coupling?

Answer 25

Second phase of muscle stimulation:
AP goes down T tubules, DHR receptor is key that opens Ryanodine Receptor;
Calcium released from SR at terminal cisterns

Question 26

Nerve gas blocks what? What happens?

Answer 26

Blocks acetylcholinesterase
Paralysis, death from asphyxiation

Question 27

Botulinum toxin blocks what? does what?

Answer 27

Blocks acetyl choline released from axon terminals
Paralysis

Question 28

Clinical botulinum toxin helps

Answer 28

Helps overactive muscles
Excessive gland activity
Migraines
Reduce wrinkles

Question 29

Type one, slow oxidative fibers:
Low what and high what?
Abundant in two things:

Answer 29

Low myosin – ATPase activity
High oxidative capacity
Abundant mitochondria and myoglobin

Question 30

Type 2B:fast- glycolytic fibers
High in 2 things
Color, how many ATP?

Answer 30

High myosin – ATPase activity
High glycolytic activity
White, 2 ATP

Question 31

Myasthenia gravis
Symptoms
Causes
Treatment

Answer 31

Symptoms: muscle fatigue and weakness that gets worse as muscle is used
Cause: how do you mean destruction of nicotinic ACh– receptor proteins of motor end plate
Treatment: AChE inhibitors

Question 32

Rigor mortis symptoms, cause, diminishes

Answer 32

Hardening of muscles and Stiffness of body 3 to 4 hours after death
Cause colon deterioration of SR releases calcium
Muscles can’t relax until mile filaments decay
Peaks at 12 hours, diminishes over 48–60 hours