Chapter 2.4 Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

What makes carbon unique?

A

-How it is structured; four valence electrons: 4 places for atoms to bind:
-Carbon itself is not very reactive – functional groups that bind to it are

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2
Q

Carbon backbones

A

When carbon binds to carbon and creates long chains Etc, Can have double bonds

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3
Q

Functional groups

A

Active parts of the carbon backbone of an organic molecule

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4
Q

Macromolecule

A

 Large molecules which make up an organism

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5
Q

Polymer

A

Large molecules made up of linking smaller monomers

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6
Q

Monomer

A

Smaller molecule; made with carbon backbone and functional groups

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7
Q

Dehydration reactions

A

Removal of water to synthesize polymers

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8
Q

Hydrolysis reactions

A

Adding of water to break down polymers to monomers

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9
Q

Macromolecules of life

A
  1. carbohydrates
  2. Proteins
  3. Nucleic acids
  4. Lipids
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10
Q

Which macromolecules are made of polymers?

A

Carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids

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11
Q

Which macromolecule is not a polymer?

A

Lipids

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12
Q

What are Carbohydrates?

A

Hydrophilic organic molecules

Primary source of energy

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13
Q

Monosaccharide

A

Simple sugars; can’t be farther broken down

Ex: Glucose

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14
Q

Molecular formula for carbohydrates

A

(CH2O)n n= number of carbon atoms

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15
Q

Molecular formula of glucose

A

C6H12O6

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16
Q

Three monosaccharides

A
  1. Glucose
  2. Galactose
  3. Fructose

All 3 are isomers

17
Q

How would you link to glucose molecules together

A

Dehydration synthesis

18
Q

Explain Dehydration synthesis of a carbohydrate

A

Two monosaccharides —> one disaccharide and water

Ex: glucose + galactose—> lactose + H2O

19
Q

Three disaccharides

A
  1. Sucrose
  2. Lactose
  3. Maltose
20
Q

How are disaccharides synthesized

A

Via Dehydration synthesis

21
Q

Sucrose

A

Glucose + fructose

22
Q

Lactose

A

Glucose + galactose

Ex: Milk sugars

23
Q

Maltose

A

Glucose + glucose

Ex: Product of starch digestion; malt beverages and germinating grains

24
Q

Oligosaccharides

A

Short chains of three or more monosaccharides, but less than 50

25
Polysaccharides
Long chains of monosaccharides – more than 50
26
Three important polysaccharides
1. Glycogen 2. Starch 3. Cellulose
27
Glycogen
Long branched chain of glucose; energy storage Made after meal via secretions in the liver: breaks down between meals to maintain blood glucose levels
28
Starch
Energy storage How plants store polysaccharides
29
Cellulose
Structural polysaccharides found in plants; fiber
30
4 Properties of carbohydrates
-Quick source of energy -Converted to glucose to make ATP via oxidation -can be bound to other macromolecules -Moiety
31
How is energy stored in the human body?
Glycogen
32
How does a carbohydrate make ATP?
Through hydrolysis, it can break off branches of monomers which creates energy= ATP
33
Glycoprotein
Protein + Carbohydrate—> glycoprotein
34
Glycolipids
Lipids + carbohydrate—> glycolipids
35
Proteoglycan
Carbohydrate + protein —> proteoglycan
36
Moiety
Functioning part of a molecule which is different than the other part
37
What moieties are in a glycolipid?
Carbohydrate (glucose) and lipid
38
What is made via secretions in the liver? What is its function?
Glycogen: helps maintain blood glucose levels between meals