Chapter 2.4 Carbohydrates

Question 1

What makes carbon unique?

Answer 1

-How it is structured; four valence electrons: 4 places for atoms to bind:
-Carbon itself is not very reactive – functional groups that bind to it are

Question 2

Carbon backbones

Answer 2

When carbon binds to carbon and creates long chains Etc, Can have double bonds

Question 3

Functional groups

Answer 3

Active parts of the carbon backbone of an organic molecule

Question 4

Macromolecule

Answer 4

 Large molecules which make up an organism

Question 5

Polymer

Answer 5

Large molecules made up of linking smaller monomers

Question 6

Monomer

Answer 6

Smaller molecule; made with carbon backbone and functional groups

Question 7

Dehydration reactions

Answer 7

Removal of water to synthesize polymers

Question 8

Hydrolysis reactions

Answer 8

Adding of water to break down polymers to monomers

Question 9

Macromolecules of life

Answer 9

1. carbohydrates
2. Proteins
3. Nucleic acids
4. Lipids

Question 10

Which macromolecules are made of polymers?

Answer 10

Carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids

Question 11

Which macromolecule is not a polymer?

Answer 11

Lipids

Question 12

What are Carbohydrates?

Answer 12

Hydrophilic organic molecules

Primary source of energy

Question 13

Monosaccharide

Answer 13

Simple sugars; can’t be farther broken down

Ex: Glucose

Question 14

Molecular formula for carbohydrates

Answer 14

(CH2O)n n= number of carbon atoms

Question 15

Molecular formula of glucose

Answer 15

C6H12O6

Question 16

Three monosaccharides

Answer 16

1. Glucose
2. Galactose
3. Fructose

All 3 are isomers

Question 17

How would you link to glucose molecules together

Answer 17

Dehydration synthesis

Question 18

Explain Dehydration synthesis of a carbohydrate

Answer 18

Two monosaccharides —> one disaccharide and water

Ex: glucose + galactose—> lactose + H2O

Question 19

Three disaccharides

Answer 19

1. Sucrose
2. Lactose
3. Maltose

Question 20

How are disaccharides synthesized

Answer 20

Via Dehydration synthesis

Question 21

Sucrose

Answer 21

Glucose + fructose

Question 22

Lactose

Answer 22

Glucose + galactose

Ex: Milk sugars

Question 23

Maltose

Answer 23

Glucose + glucose

Ex: Product of starch digestion; malt beverages and germinating grains

Question 24

Oligosaccharides

Answer 24

Short chains of three or more monosaccharides, but less than 50

Question 25

Polysaccharides

Answer 25

Long chains of monosaccharides – more than 50

Question 26

Three important polysaccharides

Answer 26

1. Glycogen
2. Starch
3. Cellulose

Question 27

Glycogen

Answer 27

Long branched chain of glucose; energy storage

Made after meal via secretions in the liver: breaks down between meals to maintain blood glucose levels

Question 28

Starch

Answer 28

Energy storage
How plants store polysaccharides

Question 29

Cellulose

Answer 29

Structural polysaccharides found in plants; fiber

Question 30

4 Properties of carbohydrates

Answer 30

-Quick source of energy
-Converted to glucose to make ATP via oxidation
-can be bound to other macromolecules
-Moiety

Question 31

How is energy stored in the human body?

Answer 31

Glycogen

Question 32

How does a carbohydrate make ATP?

Answer 32

Through hydrolysis, it can break off branches of monomers which creates energy= ATP

Question 33

Glycoprotein

Answer 33

Protein + Carbohydrate—> glycoprotein

Question 34

Glycolipids

Answer 34

Lipids + carbohydrate—> glycolipids

Question 35

Proteoglycan

Answer 35

Carbohydrate + protein —> proteoglycan

Question 36

Moiety

Answer 36

Functioning part of a molecule which is different than the other part

Question 37

What moieties are in a glycolipid?

Answer 37

Carbohydrate (glucose) and lipid

Question 38

What is made via secretions in the liver? What is its function?

Answer 38

Glycogen: helps maintain blood glucose levels between meals