Chapter 2.4 Carbohydrates Flashcards
What makes carbon unique?
-How it is structured; four valence electrons: 4 places for atoms to bind:
-Carbon itself is not very reactive – functional groups that bind to it are
Carbon backbones
When carbon binds to carbon and creates long chains Etc, Can have double bonds
Functional groups
Active parts of the carbon backbone of an organic molecule
Macromolecule
 Large molecules which make up an organism
Polymer
Large molecules made up of linking smaller monomers
Monomer
Smaller molecule; made with carbon backbone and functional groups
Dehydration reactions
Removal of water to synthesize polymers
Hydrolysis reactions
Adding of water to break down polymers to monomers
Macromolecules of life
- carbohydrates
- Proteins
- Nucleic acids
- Lipids
Which macromolecules are made of polymers?
Carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids
Which macromolecule is not a polymer?
Lipids
What are Carbohydrates?
Hydrophilic organic molecules
Primary source of energy
Monosaccharide
Simple sugars; can’t be farther broken down
Ex: Glucose
Molecular formula for carbohydrates
(CH2O)n n= number of carbon atoms
Molecular formula of glucose
C6H12O6
Three monosaccharides
- Glucose
- Galactose
- Fructose
All 3 are isomers
How would you link to glucose molecules together
Dehydration synthesis
Explain Dehydration synthesis of a carbohydrate
Two monosaccharides —> one disaccharide and water
Ex: glucose + galactose—> lactose + H2O
Three disaccharides
- Sucrose
- Lactose
- Maltose
How are disaccharides synthesized
Via Dehydration synthesis
Sucrose
Glucose + fructose
Lactose
Glucose + galactose
Ex: Milk sugars
Maltose
Glucose + glucose
Ex: Product of starch digestion; malt beverages and germinating grains
Oligosaccharides
Short chains of three or more monosaccharides, but less than 50
Polysaccharides
Long chains of monosaccharides – more than 50
Three important polysaccharides
- Glycogen
- Starch
- Cellulose
Glycogen
Long branched chain of glucose; energy storage
Made after meal via secretions in the liver: breaks down between meals to maintain blood glucose levels
Starch
Energy storage
How plants store polysaccharides
Cellulose
Structural polysaccharides found in plants; fiber
4 Properties of carbohydrates
-Quick source of energy
-Converted to glucose to make ATP via oxidation
-can be bound to other macromolecules
-Moiety
How is energy stored in the human body?
Glycogen
How does a carbohydrate make ATP?
Through hydrolysis, it can break off branches of monomers which creates energy= ATP
Glycoprotein
Protein + Carbohydrate—> glycoprotein
Glycolipids
Lipids + carbohydrate—> glycolipids
Proteoglycan
Carbohydrate + protein —> proteoglycan
Moiety
Functioning part of a molecule which is different than the other part
What moieties are in a glycolipid?
Carbohydrate (glucose) and lipid
What is made via secretions in the liver? What is its function?
Glycogen: helps maintain blood glucose levels between meals
