Chapter 1.6

Question 1

Life

Answer 1

A collection of properties that help distinguish living from nonliving things

Question 2

Organization

Answer 2

Living things exhibit a far higher level of organization and then the nonliving world around them. They expended great deal of energy to maintain order, and a breakdown in this order is accompanied by disease and often death

Question 3

Cellular composition

Answer 3

Living matter is always compartmentalized into one or more cells

Question 4

Metabolism

Answer 4

Living things take in molecules from the environment and chemically changed them into molecules that form their own structures, controller physiology, or provide them with energy. Metabolism is the sum of all this internal chemical change.

Question 5

Responsiveness and movement

Answer 5

The ability to sense and react to stimuli

Question 6

Stimuli

Answer 6

Changes in the environment

Question 7

Homeostasis

Answer 7

Organism maintains relatively stable internal conditions despite environmental changes

Question 8

Development

Answer 8

Any change in form or function over the lifetime of the organism

Question 9

Differentiation

Answer 9

The transformation of cells with no specialized function into cells that are committed to a particular task

Question 10

Growth

Answer 10

An increase in size; Occurs through chemical change or metabolism

Question 11

Reproduction

Answer 11

Living organisms producing copies of themselves, passing jeans to new, younger containers: their offspring

Question 12

Evolution

Answer 12

genetic change from generation to generation

Question 13

Homeostasis

Answer 13

The body‘s ability to detect change, activate mechanisms that oppose it, and maintain relatively stable internal conditions

Question 14

Pathophysiology

Answer 14

The study of unstable conditions that result in our homeostatic control go awry

Question 15

Dynamic equilibrium

Answer 15

A balanced change, in which there is a setpoint or average value for a given variable and conditions fluctuate slightly around this point

Question 16

Negative feedback

Answer 16

A process in which the body senses a change in activates mechanisms that negate or reverse it. Keeps a variable close to it set point. 

Question 17

Feedback loops

Answer 17

The system maintains a state of dynamic equilibrium in which the temperature averages and it’s only slightly from the set point

Question 18

Vasodilation

Answer 18

The widening of blood vessels: warm blood Flows closer to body surface loses heat surrounding air. If that’s not enough, the body will generate sweat

Question 19

Vasoconstriction

Answer 19

Narrowing of the blood vessels in the skin, which serves to retain warm blood deeper in your body and reduce heat loss. If that’s not enough, the brain activate shivering – muscle tremors that generate heat

Question 20

Baroreflex

Answer 20

Reflexive correction of blood pressure

(rise from bed - blood drains from torso: homeostatic imbalance - baroreceptors above heart respond - send signals to cardiac center of brain stem - heartbeat accelerates - blood pressure rises to normal: back to homeostasis

Question 21

Common components of a feedback loop

Answer 21

Receptor, integrating center, effector

Question 22

Receptor

Answer 22

A structure that senses change in the body.

Question 23

Integrating center

Answer 23

A mechanism that processes receptor information, relates it to other available information, and makes a decision about what the appropriate response should be

Question 24

Effector

Answer 24

The cell or organ that carries out the final corrective action.

Question 25

Positive feedback

Answer 25

Self – amplifying cycle in which a physiological change leads to an even greater change in the same direction, rather than producing the corrective effects of negative feedback.
Can be normal (ex: birth: cervix- nerve endings- oxytocin from pituitary gland- stimulates uterine contractions and pushes fetus toward cervix) however is more often harmful or life-threatening (ex: fever)

Question 26

Physiological gradient

Answer 26

Difference in chemical concentration, electrical charge, physical pressure, temperature, or other variable between one point and another. 

Question 27

Down the gradient

Answer 27

If matter or energy moves from the point where this variable has a higher value to the point with a lower value.(ex: Warner to cooler point, high chemical concentration to lower)

Question 28

Up the gradient

Answer 28

Matter or energy raise from the point where the variable has a lower value to A higher value

Question 29

Pressure gradient

Answer 29

That or energy flows down from high pressure point to low pressure point (ex: garden hose)

Question 30

Concentration gradients

Answer 30

Chemicals flow down concentration gradients. (Ex: water flows through cell membranes and epithelia by osmosis, from the side where it is more concentrated to the side where it is less so)

Question 31

Electrical gradients

Answer 31

Charged particles flow down electrical gradients. (Ex: Sodium ions flowing down an electrical gradient into a cell (positive outside to negative inside)

Question 32

Electrochemical gradients

Answer 32

Ions flow down electrochemical gradient

Question 33

Thermal gradient

Answer 33

Heat flows down a thermal gradient. (Ex: Air temperature around body is cooler he will flow from blood to surrounding air down its thermal gradient and be lost from the body)