Ch 26 Glycolysis and anaerobic fermentation

Question 1

What is phosphorylation?

Answer 1

Adding of a phosphate group by an enzyme (ADP—Pi—>ATP)

Question 2

Two types of phosphorylation

Answer 2

1. Substrate level phosphorylation
2. Oxidative phosphorylation

Question 3

Substrate level phosphorylation

Answer 3

Directly Phosphorylizing ADP to ATP utilizing energy and enzymes

Question 4

Oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 4

Indirectly phosphor lysing due to a transfer of electrons (redox) in electron transport chain

Question 5

In organic phosphate Pi

Answer 5

Circulating phosphate that gets added to ADP to make ATP

Question 6

Key coenzymes of glucose catabolism and their functions

Answer 6

1. NAD+
2. FAD^2+

-can be reduced with addition of electrons (electron carriers)
-Carriers of H+

Question 7

NAD+ is derived from and makes _____ with the addition of 2H

Answer 7

-Derived from niacin (b vitamin)
- NAD+ + 2H —> NADH + H+

Question 8

FAD^2+ is derived from and makes ____ with the addition of 2H

Answer 8

-Derived from riboflavin
- FAD +2H —> FADH2

Question 9

Oxidative carbohydrate metabolism is _____ _____. It’s primary function is______.

Answer 9

Glucose metabolism; turn glucose into ATP

Question 10

Carbohydrate metabolism equation

Answer 10

C6H12O6 + 6O2—> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP + Heat

Question 11

Why is glucose catabolism spread across multiple steps?

Answer 11

Less intense release of energy; also takes less energy to do it slowly

Question 12

Glucose catabolism provides a multitude of routes of ______called ______.

Answer 12

Metabolic pathways called intermediate pathways

Question 13

In glucose catabolism, as much energy as possible is transferred to _____and the rest is released as _____

Answer 13

ATP; Heat

Question 14

Most Pathways of glucose metabolism start with ______

Answer 14

Glycolysis

Question 15

What happens to glucose in glycolysis?

Answer 15

6C are split into 2 pyruvate molecules (3C 3C)

Question 16

After glycolysis, what happens with and without oxygen?

Answer 16

With: Aerobic Respiration
Without: Anaerobic fermentation

Question 17

Anaerobic fermentation does what?

Answer 17

Reduces pyruvate to lactate; yield 2 ATP

Question 18

Aerobic respiration does what?

Answer 18

Oxidizes pyruvate to C02 and H2O; Yield lots of ATP

Question 19

Stages of glycolysis

Answer 19

1. Phosphorylation
2. Priming
   3. Cleavage
   4. Oxidation
   5. Dephosphorylation
   Net yield: 2ATP (-2ATP+4ATP=2ATP)

Question 20

What happens in the Phosphorylation Stage of glycolysis?

Answer 20

-ATP is used to add a phosphate group to glucose
-prevents sugar from leaving cell
-Irreversible reaction
- Versatile: can be used for storage of glucose Or can go down fat metabolism pathways

Question 21

What happens in the priming stage of glycolysis?

Answer 21

-Rearrangement of molecules: add another phosphate group
-Requires ATP

Question 22

What happens in the Cleavage stage of glycolysis?

Answer 22

Molecule splits in half

Question 23

What happens in the oxidation stage of glycolysis?

Answer 23

-Oxidized by removing electrons (2 H+)
-2 NAD+ Pick up electron —> 2 NADH + H+
-NADH holds onto electron

Question 24

What happens in the dephosphorylation stage of glycolysis?

Answer 24

-First ATP generation
- phosphate groups removed (go through it twice)
Yield +4ATP (2 per each 3C molecule)
-Generates water

Question 25

What is the net yield of ATP in glycolysis?

Answer 25

-2ATP+4ATP=2ATP

Question 26

After glycolysis what happens?

Answer 26

Aerobic respiration: Oxidizing effect and generation of ATP
Anaerobic fermentation: turn to pyruvate into lactate

Question 27

Anaerobic fermentation

Answer 27

-No oxygen available because of excessive demands
-2 pyruvate converted to 2 lactic acid
- regeneration of NAD+ So can continue glycolysis

Question 28

Limitations of anaerobic fermentation

Answer 28

-CAN use in skeletal muscles temporarily
-CAN‘T used in cardiac or brain; Yield of ATP too low for cells demands

Question 29

What happens to pyruvate in anaerobic fermentation?

Answer 29

Pyruvate is reduced to lactate

Question 30

Which stages of glycolysis use ATP and then make ATP?

Answer 30

1.Phosphorylation uses 1 ATP
2. priming uses 1 ATP
5. Dephosphorylation makes 4 ATP (Two to make each pyruvate molecule)

Question 31

What can the glucose six phosphate molecule do at the end of Phosphorylation?

Answer 31

It can be stored as glycogen, go down fat metabolism pathways, or continue onto the priming stage of glycolysis

Question 32

What are the net end products of glycolysis?

Answer 32

2 pyruvate
2 NADH with two electrons
H2O
2 ATP