Ch 26 Glycolysis and anaerobic fermentation Flashcards
What is phosphorylation?
Adding of a phosphate group by an enzyme (ADP—Pi—>ATP)
Two types of phosphorylation
- Substrate level phosphorylation
- Oxidative phosphorylation
Substrate level phosphorylation
Directly Phosphorylizing ADP to ATP utilizing energy and enzymes
Oxidative phosphorylation
Indirectly phosphor lysing due to a transfer of electrons (redox) in electron transport chain
In organic phosphate Pi
Circulating phosphate that gets added to ADP to make ATP
Key coenzymes of glucose catabolism and their functions
- NAD+
- FAD^2+
-can be reduced with addition of electrons (electron carriers)
-Carriers of H+
NAD+ is derived from and makes _____ with the addition of 2H
-Derived from niacin (b vitamin)
- NAD+ + 2H —> NADH + H+
FAD^2+ is derived from and makes ____ with the addition of 2H
-Derived from riboflavin
- FAD +2H —> FADH2
Oxidative carbohydrate metabolism is _____ _____. It’s primary function is______.
Glucose metabolism; turn glucose into ATP
Carbohydrate metabolism equation
C6H12O6 + 6O2—> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP + Heat
Why is glucose catabolism spread across multiple steps?
Less intense release of energy; also takes less energy to do it slowly
Glucose catabolism provides a multitude of routes of ______called ______.
Metabolic pathways called intermediate pathways
In glucose catabolism, as much energy as possible is transferred to _____and the rest is released as _____
ATP; Heat
Most Pathways of glucose metabolism start with ______
Glycolysis
What happens to glucose in glycolysis?
6C are split into 2 pyruvate molecules (3C 3C)
After glycolysis, what happens with and without oxygen?
With: Aerobic Respiration
Without: Anaerobic fermentation
Anaerobic fermentation does what?
Reduces pyruvate to lactate; yield 2 ATP
Aerobic respiration does what?
Oxidizes pyruvate to C02 and H2O; Yield lots of ATP
Stages of glycolysis
- Phosphorylation
- Priming
3. Cleavage
4. Oxidation
5. Dephosphorylation
Net yield: 2ATP (-2ATP+4ATP=2ATP)
What happens in the Phosphorylation Stage of glycolysis?
-ATP is used to add a phosphate group to glucose
-prevents sugar from leaving cell
-Irreversible reaction
- Versatile: can be used for storage of glucose Or can go down fat metabolism pathways
What happens in the priming stage of glycolysis?
-Rearrangement of molecules: add another phosphate group
-Requires ATP
What happens in the Cleavage stage of glycolysis?
Molecule splits in half
What happens in the oxidation stage of glycolysis?
-Oxidized by removing electrons (2 H+)
-2 NAD+ Pick up electron —> 2 NADH + H+
-NADH holds onto electron
What happens in the dephosphorylation stage of glycolysis?
-First ATP generation
- phosphate groups removed (go through it twice)
Yield +4ATP (2 per each 3C molecule)
-Generates water
What is the net yield of ATP in glycolysis?
-2ATP+4ATP=2ATP
After glycolysis what happens?
Aerobic respiration: Oxidizing effect and generation of ATP
Anaerobic fermentation: turn to pyruvate into lactate
Anaerobic fermentation
-No oxygen available because of excessive demands
-2 pyruvate converted to 2 lactic acid
- regeneration of NAD+ So can continue glycolysis
Limitations of anaerobic fermentation
-CAN use in skeletal muscles temporarily
-CAN‘T used in cardiac or brain; Yield of ATP too low for cells demands
What happens to pyruvate in anaerobic fermentation?
Pyruvate is reduced to lactate
Which stages of glycolysis use ATP and then make ATP?
1.Phosphorylation uses 1 ATP
2. priming uses 1 ATP
5. Dephosphorylation makes 4 ATP (Two to make each pyruvate molecule)
What can the glucose six phosphate molecule do at the end of Phosphorylation?
It can be stored as glycogen, go down fat metabolism pathways, or continue onto the priming stage of glycolysis
What are the net end products of glycolysis?
2 pyruvate
2 NADH with two electrons
H2O
2 ATP
