Chapter 2.4 nucleic acids

Question 1

Nucleotides

Answer 1

Organic Compound with:
1.  nitrogenous base
2.  monosaccharide
3. One or more phosphate groups

Question 2

Nitrogenous base

Answer 2

A single or double carbon – nitrogen ring

Question 3

ATP structure

Answer 3

1.Adenine nitrogenous base
2. Ribose sugar
3. Three phosphate groups

Question 4

Organization of ATP structural components in the molecule

Answer 4

Second and third phosphate groups of ATP attached by high energy covalent bonds because They are negative and repel each other. most energy transfers to and from ATP involve adding or removing the third phosphate

Question 5

Function of ATP

Answer 5

physiological work such as Polymerization reactions, muscle contraction, pumping ions through cell membranes

Question 6

Adenosine triphosphataces (ATPaces)

Answer 6

Enzymes that are specialized to hydrolyze the third phosphate bond in ATP to create ADP and Pi (in organic phosphate group)

Question 7



Answer 7

ATP+H2O—ATPase—> ADP+Pi+Energy= heat and work
7.3 kcals of energy for every mole (505g) of ATP

Question 8

Phosphorylation

Answer 8

“Switch” That turns metabolic pathways on or off
Or
Addition of Pi:
Free phosphate group released by ATP hydrolysis added to enzymes or molecules to activate them.

Question 9

Why does life instantly cease without ATP?

Answer 9

ATP is short-lived and the entire amount in the body would support life for less than one minute if it weren’t continually replenished

Question 10

Where in its molecular structure does ATP carry the energy that is transferred to other chemicals?

Answer 10

Third phosphate group.

Question 11

Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)

Answer 11

Made after ATP releases third phosphate group (plus Pi)

Question 12

Phosphorylation is carried out by what?

Answer 12

Enzymes called kinases

Question 13

Glycolysis What is it, how much ATP produced?

Answer 13

First stage in glucose oxidation; sugar splitting. produces two ATP per glucose (The most of the energy is still in the pyruvate)

Question 14

What happens to pyruvate depends upon what?

Answer 14

How much oxygen is available relative to ATP demand

Question 15

Anaerobic fermentation

Answer 15

ATP demand > oxygen supply, Pyruvate—> lactate

-Temporary because lactate is toxic
-Enables glycolysis to continue

Question 16

Aerobic respiration

Answer 16

oxygen > ATP demand

-Breaks down pyruvate to carbon dioxide and water
-36 more molecules of ATP for each of the original glucose molecules
-Carried out in the mitochondria

Question 17

Mitochondria

Answer 17

Cell’s principal ATP factory

Question 18

Guanosine triphosphate

Answer 18

Nucleotide that can donate third Phosphate group to ADP to regenerate ATP

Question 19

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate(cAMP)

Answer 19

Nucleotide formed by removal of both second and third phosphate groups from ATP. When the first messenger binds to a cell surface ATP converts to cAMP which acts as a second messenger to activate metabolic effects within the cell

Question 20

Nucleic acids

Answer 20

Polymers of nucleotides

Question 21

DNA (deoxyribonecleic acid)

Answer 21

-Largest nucleus acid: 1million to 1billion nucleotides long
- are genes, instructions for synthesizing proteins, transfers hereditary information from cell to cell when cells divide and from generation to generation when organisms reproduce

Question 22

RNA (Ribonucleic acid)

Answer 22

Carries out DNA‘s instructions and synthesizes proteins