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Anatomy and Physiology 1 > CH 7 Bone formation and remodeling > Flashcards

CH 7 Bone formation and remodeling Flashcards

1
Q

Ossification

A

Formation of bone a.k.a. osteogenesis

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2
Q

Two types of ossification

A

1. Intramembranous ossification
2. Endochondral ossification

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3
Q

Intramembranous ossification: stage, types of bones, starting material

A

-Embryonic stage
-Produces flat bones of skull, clavicle, part of mandible
-Starting material is embryonic mesenchyme

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4
Q

Stages of intramembranous ossification

A
  1. Deposition of osteoid tissue
  2. Calcification of osteoid tissue
  3. Mesenchyme condensing
  4. Formation of surface compact bone
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5
Q

Intramembranous ossification:
Stage 1: Deposition of Osteoid tissue

A

Mesenchyme condenses; mesenchymal cells line blood vessels and become osteoblasts; they secrete pre-bone

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6
Q

Collagenous osteoid tissue

A

Pre-bone; scaffolding of collagenous fibers

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7
Q

Intramembranous ossification:
Stage 2. Calcification of osteoid tissue

A

-Calcium phosphate and hydroxyapatite crystallize on collagen fibers
-Osteoblasts trapped in lacuna and become osteocytes
-blood vessels compact to central location

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8
Q

Intramembranous ossification:
Stage 3. Mesenchyme condensing

A

-Mesenchyme becomes periosteum around edges
-Formation of spongy bone (trabeculae)


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9
Q

Trabeculae

A

 honeycomb shaped Slender calcification in spongy bone; from blood vessels getting trapped

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10
Q

Intramembranous ossification:
4. Formation of compact bone at surface

A

Osteoblasts near periosteum deposit layers of compact bone; bone sandwich

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11
Q

Bone sandwich in Stage four of intramembranous ossification

A

Mesenchyme
Periosteum
Compact bone
Spongy bone
Compact bone
Periosteum
Mesenchyme

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12
Q

Endochondral ossification:
Develops from, bone types, plate?

A

-Cartilage to bone
-Most bones: long bones, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, pelvic girdle, etc.
-Epiphyseal plate on either side of bone


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13
Q

Epiphyseal plate

A

Growth zone surrounded by metaphysis

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14
Q

Stages of endochondral ossification

A
  1. Hyaline cartilage formation
  2. Formation of primary ossification center
  3. Infiltration of blood vessels
  4. Birth: formation of secondary marrow cavity
  5. Child: filling of spongy bone
  6. Late teen/adult: closing of epiphyseal plate
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15
Q

Endochondral ossification stage one: hyaline cartilage formation

A

-Mesenchyme develops into hyaline cartilage
-Surrounded by Perichondrium (chondrocytes)

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16
Q

Perichondrium

A

Fibrous outer shell that produces chondrocytes in stage one of endochondral ossification

17
Q

Endochondral ossification
stage 2: formation of primary ossification center

A

-Chondrocytes inflate and die= Primary ossification center
-Perichondrium turns into Periosteum starts producing osteoblasts and develops bony collar

18
Q

Primary ossification center and stage two of endochondral ossification

A

Lacuna join into one cavity; walls between calcify

19
Q

Bony collar

A

Periosteum produces osteoblasts that create bone around highland cartilage

20
Q

Endochondral ossification
Stage 3: vascularization of bone

A

-Blood vessels and osteoclasts invade primary ossification center (make Primary marrow cavity)
-Osteoblast deposit layers on bone
-Secondary ossification center as chondrocyte death push to epiphysis
-Metaphysis

21
Q

Metaphysis

A

Transitional Cartlidge to bone area; growth zone

22
Q

Endochondral ossification
Stage 4: formation of secondary marrow cavity (birth)

A

-Blood vessels infiltrate with osteoclasts and create secondary marrow cavity in epiphysis
-Osteoblasts continue laying out tissue; Primary marrow cavity and larges and creates diaphysis

23
Q

Endochondral ossification
Stage five: epiphysis fills with spongy bone (child)

A

-Creation of spongy bone in secondary marrow cavity from osteoblasts
-Cartilage left only at articular joints and Metaphysis surrounding epiphyseal plates

24
Q

Endochondral ossification
Stage six: closing of epiphyseal plate (late teen/adult)

A

-All remaining cartilage used up; gap closes into epiphyseal line
-Primary and secondary marrow cavity join together

25
Q

In bone growth and remodeling, Which directions can bones grow?

A

Growth: length
Remodeling: width

26
Q

Bone elongation

A

Occurs at epiphyseal plate With metaphysis on each side

27
Q

Zones of metaphysis

A

1. Zone of reserve cartilage
2. Zone of proliferation
3. Zone of cell hypertrophy
4. Zone of calcification
5. Zone of bone deposition

28
Q

Zones of metaphysis:
Zone 1, reserve cartilage

A

Closest to end of bone; has hyaline cartilage and chondrocytes

29
Q

Zone of metaphysis:
Zone 2, Proliferation

A

Chondrocytes multiplying and dividing into lacuna

30
Q

Zones of metaphysis:
Zone 3. Cell Hypertrophy

A

Chondrocytes get bigger and start to die

31
Q

Zones of metaphysis
Zone 4. Calcification

A

As chondrocytes die, calcification of matrix around lacuna where chondrocytes are

32
Q

Zones of metaphysis
Zone 5. Bone deposition

A

Full death of chondrocytes, breakdown of lacuna walls, bone put down by osteoblast, forming of trabeculae of spongy bone which Remains for life

Subject to lifelong remodeling; all zones in epiphysis turn into zone five

33
Q

How does growth occur in adolescents?

A

Multiplication of chondrocytes in metaphysis zone two and hypertrophy of chondrocytes in zone three push zone one towards the end of the bone= elongation

34
Q

Epiphyseal line

A

Epiphyseal plate is closed; no more cartilage to elongate

35
Q

Appositional growth

A

Growth of bones in diameter and thickening along outer perimeter

36
Q

Which kind of ossification provides appositional growth?

A

Intramembranous ossification

37
Q

Bone remodeling

A

Continual process in which old bone is absorbed by osteoclasts and some osteocytes, while osteoblasts deposit new bone

38
Q

Three R’s for remodeling

A
  1. Release minerals to blood
  2. Reshape bone in response to use/disuse
  3. Repair microfractures
39
Q

Wolff’s Law

A

Architecture of bone is determined by the mechanical stress placed on it

More stress= more compact structuring by osteoblasts
Less stress= less compact from osteoclasts

Anatomy and Physiology 1 (45 decks)

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