Exam 1: Ch1,2 &atlas a

Question 1

5 Types of chemical gradients

Answer 1

1. Concentration
2. Electrical
3. Thermal
4. Electrochemical
5. Pressure

Question 2

Parts of scientific terms: (Study medical terminology cards)

Answer 2

Roots, Prefix, conjoining vowels, suffix. Breaking down a word to understand it’s meaning

Question 3

Physiological variations

Answer 3

Weight, age, sex, diet

Question 4

Axial region includes

Answer 4

Cephalic
Thoracic
Abdominopelvic

Question 5

Appendicular region includes:

Answer 5

Lower and upper limbs

Question 6

Trunk divisions

Answer 6

Thoracic cavity has plural and pericardial cavities; abdominal and pelvic

Question 7

A segment is:

Answer 7

A region between one joint and the next.

Question 8

6 Most abundant elements in the body:

Answer 8

98.5%: Oxygen, hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, calcium, phosphorus

Question 9

6 Lesser elements are:

Answer 9

.8%: Sulfur, potassium, sodium, chlorine, magnesium, iron 

Question 10

Atomic mass

Answer 10

Protons plus neutrons

Question 11

Atomic weight

Answer 11

The average weight of all the isotopes of an element 

Question 12

Radiation and Ionizing radiation

Answer 12

Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of an element That want to decay. Shoots off particles and energy.
Ionizing radiation: high energy radiation, shoots off electrons. Very damaging: alpha beta gamma

Question 13

Ions

Answer 13

Charged particles: cation gives away an electron, anion gains an electron

Question 14

Electrolytes

Answer 14

Substances that ionizes in water, can conduct electricity, and a deficit is detrimental (Can cause muscle cramps, heart issues, etc.)

Question 15

Common electrolytes are:

Answer 15

Potassium, calcium, magnesium, sodium, chloride

Question 16

Free radicals

Answer 16

Unstable highly reactive particles with an odd number of electrons.
They are short-lived, and quickly combine with other molecules and can cause damage

Question 17

Antioxidants

Answer 17

Neutralize free radicals; can pick up an electron or help pair one with another molecule to stabilize the free radical

Question 18

Properties of carbohydrates

Answer 18

-Quick source of energy (break off energy from glycogen through hydrolysis)
-Converted to glucose (then ATP via oxidation)
-Can be combined with other macromolecules, but each have moiety
-4 calories per gram

Question 19

Glycogen is what and does what? Blood sugar?

Answer 19

Polysaccharide: Long branched chains of glucose to store energy. Created via secretions in the liver after a meal. You can break off a branch to get energy. It helps keep blood glucose levels stable between meals.

Question 20

Calories per gram

Answer 20

Carbohydrate: 4 cal per gram
Protein: 4 cal per gram
Fats: 9 cal per gram

Question 21

Structure of amino acids

Answer 21

-Carbon with a hydrogen, a carboxyl group and an amino group, and an R group that is different for each amino acid
-Usually amphipathic

Question 22

Polymer of protein

Answer 22

Peptides: small chain of linked amino acids

Question 23

Peptide bonds and how they are made

Answer 23

Link peptides through dehydration synthesis

Question 24

Dipeptides

Answer 24

Two peptides linked together

Question 25

Oligopeptide’s

Answer 25

<10-15 amino acids linked

Question 26

Polypeptides

Answer 26

>10-15 linked amino acids

Question 27

How long of an amino acid chain for proteins

Answer 27

50+

Question 28

Primary structure of proteins

Answer 28

Linked amino acids (peptide chain): bonded by peptide bonds

Question 29

Secondary structure of a protein

Answer 29

Alpha helix, beta sheet Hydrogen bonds

Question 30

Tertiary structure of a protein

Answer 30

-Further folding and bending; -Van der waals forces and hydrophobic/hydrophilic interactions -in cysteine: disulfide bridges; stabilizes structure with covalent bonds

Question 31

Quaternary structure of a protein and associated bond

Answer 31

-Two or more polypeptide chains -Ionic bonds and hydrophobic/hydrophilic contractions -conjugated proteins with Prosthetic group bound to them (non amino acid moiety)

Question 32

6 Protein functions (So Call My Cat Milo Retired)

Answer 32

1. Structure 2. Communication 3. Membrane transport 4. Catalysis 5. Movement/adhesion 6. Recognition

Question 33

Cofactors

Answer 33

Inorganic partners for enzymes

Question 34

Coenzymes

Answer 34

Organic partners for enzymes

Question 35

Metabolic pathways

Answer 35

Chains of chemical reactions each facilitated by enzyme 

Question 36

Nucleic acid is a what?

Answer 36

Monomer

Question 37

What is the polymer of nucleic acid?

Answer 37

Nucleotides

Question 38

What are nucleotides composed of?

Answer 38

1. Nitrogenous base 2. Monosaccharide 3. Phosphate group

Question 39

Main types of nucleic acids

Answer 39

DNA and RNA

Question 40

What two ways can nucleotides vary?

Answer 40

1. Different nitrogenous bases (A,T,G,C in DNA) 2. Different sugar (Deoxyribose - DNA, Ribose - RNA)

Question 41

ATP

Answer 41

Key energy transfer molecule

Question 42

How does ATP work?

Answer 42

Exergonic reaction: makes energy by breaking off the third Phosphate group (lots of energy in phosphate bonds)

Question 43

ATP – ADP cycle

Answer 43

-ATP: adenine, ribose, triphosphate. -Break off 3rd phosphate group via hydrolysis. Releases phosphate and energy. -ADP: Adenine, ribose, diphosphate -Add phosphate group to ADP via Phosphorylation and absorb energy from food - Back to ATP

Question 44

4 Characteristics of a lipid

Answer 44

1. Not a polymer 2. Hydrophobic organic molecule (will settle if left to stand) 3. High ratio of H to O 4. 9 cal per gram

Question 45

Forms of lipids

Answer 45

Triglycerides (fats) Phospholipids Steroids

Question 46

Cholesterol is what and does what?

Answer 46

-The parent steroid: can be converted to other steroids -Endocrine system: signaling and hormonal control

Question 47

Triglyceride structure

Answer 47

-Glycerol molecule HEAD -3 fatty acid molecules TAILS

Question 48

Fatty acid: Structure, made via, hydro-what?, function?

Answer 48

-2-24 carbon atoms, methyl end, carboxyl end -Made via dehydration synthesis -Energy source in triglycerides -Hydrophobic: no charge

Question 49

Triglyceride functions

Answer 49

-long-term energy storage – protection/cushion – insulation

Question 50

Phospholipid structure

Answer 50

– clothespin: -Phosphate group HEAD: hydrophilic -fatty acid TAILS – hydrophobic -Amphipathic

Question 51

Clinical application of anabolic – androgenic steroids

Answer 51

-Hormones derived from testosterone -Stimulate muscle growth -Masculinization -Recreationally used to enhance performance -Illegal

Question 52

Carbohydrates: Functions, components, examples

Answer 52

Functions: dietary energy, storage, plant storage Components: monosaccharide EX: glucose galactose lactose sucrose lactose maltose

Question 53

Lipids: Functions, components, examples

Answer 53

Functions: long-term energy storage (fats) , Whore moans (steroids) Components: triglyceride – glycerol and fatty acids Examples: fats (triglycerides), steroids (testosterone, estrogen)

Question 54

Proteins: Functions, components, examples

Answer 54

Functions: enzymes, structure, storage, contraction, transport, etc. Components: amino acid: carbon with H, amino group, carboxyl group, R group EX: lactase (enzyme), hemoglobin (transport protein)

Question 55

Nucleic acid: Functions, components, Examples

Answer 55

Functions: information storage Components: Nucleotide = base, sugar, phosphate EX: DNA, RNA