Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy and Physiology 1 > Exam 1: Ch1,2 &atlas a > Flashcards

Exam 1: Ch1,2 &atlas a Flashcards

1
Q

5 Types of chemical gradients

A
  1. Concentration
  2. Electrical
  3. Thermal
  4. Electrochemical
  5. Pressure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Parts of scientific terms: (Study medical terminology cards)

A

Roots, Prefix, conjoining vowels, suffix. Breaking down a word to understand it’s meaning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Physiological variations

A

Weight, age, sex, diet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Axial region includes

A

Cephalic
Thoracic
Abdominopelvic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Appendicular region includes:

A

Lower and upper limbs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Trunk divisions

A

Thoracic cavity has plural and pericardial cavities; abdominal and pelvic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

A segment is:

A

A region between one joint and the next.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

6 Most abundant elements in the body:

A

98.5%: Oxygen, hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, calcium, phosphorus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

6 Lesser elements are:

A

.8%: Sulfur, potassium, sodium, chlorine, magnesium, iron 

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Atomic mass

A

Protons plus neutrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Atomic weight

A

The average weight of all the isotopes of an element 

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Radiation and Ionizing radiation

A

Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of an element That want to decay. Shoots off particles and energy.
Ionizing radiation: high energy radiation, shoots off electrons. Very damaging: alpha beta gamma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Ions

A

Charged particles: cation gives away an electron, anion gains an electron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Electrolytes

A

Substances that ionizes in water, can conduct electricity, and a deficit is detrimental (Can cause muscle cramps, heart issues, etc.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Common electrolytes are:

A

Potassium, calcium, magnesium, sodium, chloride

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Free radicals

A

Unstable highly reactive particles with an odd number of electrons.
They are short-lived, and quickly combine with other molecules and can cause damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Antioxidants

A

Neutralize free radicals; can pick up an electron or help pair one with another molecule to stabilize the free radical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Properties of carbohydrates

A

-Quick source of energy (break off energy from glycogen through hydrolysis)
-Converted to glucose (then ATP via oxidation)
-Can be combined with other macromolecules, but each have moiety
-4 calories per gram

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Glycogen is what and does what? Blood sugar?

A

Polysaccharide: Long branched chains of glucose to store energy. Created via secretions in the liver after a meal. You can break off a branch to get energy. It helps keep blood glucose levels stable between meals.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Calories per gram

A

Carbohydrate: 4 cal per gram
Protein: 4 cal per gram
Fats: 9 cal per gram

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Structure of amino acids

A

-Carbon with a hydrogen, a carboxyl group and an amino group, and an R group that is different for each amino acid
-Usually amphipathic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Polymer of protein

A

Peptides: small chain of linked amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Peptide bonds and how they are made

A

Link peptides through dehydration synthesis

24
Q

Dipeptides

A

Two peptides linked together

25
Q

Oligopeptide’s

A

<10-15 amino acids linked

26
Q

Polypeptides

A

>10-15 linked amino acids

27
Q

How long of an amino acid chain for proteins

A

50+

28
Q

Primary structure of proteins

A

Linked amino acids (peptide chain): bonded by peptide bonds

29
Q

Secondary structure of a protein

A

Alpha helix, beta sheet
Hydrogen bonds

30
Q

Tertiary structure of a protein

A

-Further folding and bending;
-Van der waals forces and hydrophobic/hydrophilic interactions
-in cysteine: disulfide bridges; stabilizes structure with covalent bonds

31
Q

Quaternary structure of a protein and associated bond

A

-Two or more polypeptide chains
-Ionic bonds and hydrophobic/hydrophilic contractions
-conjugated proteins with Prosthetic group bound to them (non amino acid moiety)

32
Q

6 Protein functions
(So Call My Cat Milo Retired)

A
  1. Structure
  2. Communication
  3. Membrane transport
  4. Catalysis
  5. Movement/adhesion
  6. Recognition
33
Q

Cofactors

A

Inorganic partners for enzymes

34
Q

Coenzymes

A

Organic partners for enzymes

35
Q

Metabolic pathways

A

Chains of chemical reactions each facilitated by enzyme 

36
Q

Nucleic acid is a what?

A

Monomer

37
Q

What is the polymer of nucleic acid?

A

Nucleotides

38
Q

What are nucleotides composed of?

A
  1. Nitrogenous base
  2. Monosaccharide
  3. Phosphate group
39
Q

Main types of nucleic acids

A

DNA and RNA

40
Q

What two ways can nucleotides vary?

A
  1. Different nitrogenous bases (A,T,G,C in DNA)
  2. Different sugar (Deoxyribose - DNA, Ribose - RNA)
41
Q

ATP

A

Key energy transfer molecule

42
Q

How does ATP work?

A

Exergonic reaction: makes energy by breaking off the third Phosphate group (lots of energy in phosphate bonds)

43
Q

ATP – ADP cycle

A

-ATP: adenine, ribose, triphosphate.
-Break off 3rd phosphate group via hydrolysis. Releases phosphate and energy.
-ADP: Adenine, ribose, diphosphate
-Add phosphate group to ADP via Phosphorylation and absorb energy from food
- Back to ATP

44
Q

4 Characteristics of a lipid

A
  1. Not a polymer
  2. Hydrophobic organic molecule (will settle if left to stand)
  3. High ratio of H to O
  4. 9 cal per gram
45
Q

Forms of lipids

A

Triglycerides (fats)
Phospholipids
Steroids

46
Q

Cholesterol is what and does what?

A

-The parent steroid: can be converted to other steroids
-Endocrine system: signaling and hormonal control

47
Q

Triglyceride structure

A

-Glycerol molecule HEAD
-3 fatty acid molecules TAILS

48
Q

Fatty acid:
Structure, made via, hydro-what?, function?

A

-2-24 carbon atoms, methyl end, carboxyl end
-Made via dehydration synthesis
-Energy source in triglycerides
-Hydrophobic: no charge

49
Q

Triglyceride functions

A

-long-term energy storage
– protection/cushion
– insulation

50
Q

Phospholipid structure

A

– clothespin:
-Phosphate group HEAD:
hydrophilic
-fatty acid TAILS –
hydrophobic
-Amphipathic

51
Q

Clinical application of anabolic – androgenic steroids

A

-Hormones derived from testosterone
-Stimulate muscle growth
-Masculinization
-Recreationally used to enhance performance
-Illegal

52
Q

Carbohydrates:
Functions, components, examples

A

Functions: dietary energy, storage, plant storage
Components: monosaccharide
EX: glucose galactose lactose sucrose lactose maltose

53
Q

Lipids:
Functions, components, examples

A

Functions: long-term energy storage (fats) , Whore moans (steroids)
Components: triglyceride – glycerol and fatty acids
Examples: fats (triglycerides), steroids (testosterone, estrogen)

54
Q

Proteins:
Functions, components, examples

A

Functions: enzymes, structure, storage, contraction, transport, etc.
Components: amino acid: carbon with H, amino group, carboxyl group, R group
EX: lactase (enzyme), hemoglobin (transport protein)

55
Q

Nucleic acid:
Functions, components, Examples

A

Functions: information storage
Components: Nucleotide = base, sugar, phosphate
EX: DNA, RNA

Anatomy and Physiology 1 (45 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions