Exam 1: Ch1,2 &atlas a Flashcards
5 Types of chemical gradients
- Concentration
- Electrical
- Thermal
- Electrochemical
- Pressure
Parts of scientific terms: (Study medical terminology cards)
Roots, Prefix, conjoining vowels, suffix. Breaking down a word to understand it’s meaning
Physiological variations
Weight, age, sex, diet
Axial region includes
Cephalic
Thoracic
Abdominopelvic
Appendicular region includes:
Lower and upper limbs
Trunk divisions
Thoracic cavity has plural and pericardial cavities; abdominal and pelvic
A segment is:
A region between one joint and the next.
6 Most abundant elements in the body:
98.5%: Oxygen, hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, calcium, phosphorus
6 Lesser elements are:
.8%: Sulfur, potassium, sodium, chlorine, magnesium, iron 
Atomic mass
Protons plus neutrons
Atomic weight
The average weight of all the isotopes of an element 
Radiation and Ionizing radiation
Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of an element That want to decay. Shoots off particles and energy.
Ionizing radiation: high energy radiation, shoots off electrons. Very damaging: alpha beta gamma
Ions
Charged particles: cation gives away an electron, anion gains an electron
Electrolytes
Substances that ionizes in water, can conduct electricity, and a deficit is detrimental (Can cause muscle cramps, heart issues, etc.)
Common electrolytes are:
Potassium, calcium, magnesium, sodium, chloride
Free radicals
Unstable highly reactive particles with an odd number of electrons.
They are short-lived, and quickly combine with other molecules and can cause damage
Antioxidants
Neutralize free radicals; can pick up an electron or help pair one with another molecule to stabilize the free radical
Properties of carbohydrates
-Quick source of energy (break off energy from glycogen through hydrolysis)
-Converted to glucose (then ATP via oxidation)
-Can be combined with other macromolecules, but each have moiety
-4 calories per gram
Glycogen is what and does what? Blood sugar?
Polysaccharide: Long branched chains of glucose to store energy. Created via secretions in the liver after a meal. You can break off a branch to get energy. It helps keep blood glucose levels stable between meals.
Calories per gram
Carbohydrate: 4 cal per gram
Protein: 4 cal per gram
Fats: 9 cal per gram
Structure of amino acids
-Carbon with a hydrogen, a carboxyl group and an amino group, and an R group that is different for each amino acid
-Usually amphipathic
Polymer of protein
Peptides: small chain of linked amino acids
Peptide bonds and how they are made
Link peptides through dehydration synthesis
Dipeptides
Two peptides linked together
Oligopeptide’s
<10-15 amino acids linked
Polypeptides
>10-15 linked amino acids
How long of an amino acid chain for proteins
50+
Primary structure of proteins
Linked amino acids (peptide chain): bonded by peptide bonds
Secondary structure of a protein
Alpha helix, beta sheet
Hydrogen bonds
Tertiary structure of a protein
-Further folding and bending;
-Van der waals forces and hydrophobic/hydrophilic interactions
-in cysteine: disulfide bridges; stabilizes structure with covalent bonds
Quaternary structure of a protein and associated bond
-Two or more polypeptide chains
-Ionic bonds and hydrophobic/hydrophilic contractions
-conjugated proteins with Prosthetic group bound to them (non amino acid moiety)
6 Protein functions
(So Call My Cat Milo Retired)
- Structure
- Communication
- Membrane transport
- Catalysis
- Movement/adhesion
- Recognition
Cofactors
Inorganic partners for enzymes
Coenzymes
Organic partners for enzymes
Metabolic pathways
Chains of chemical reactions each facilitated by enzyme 
Nucleic acid is a what?
Monomer
What is the polymer of nucleic acid?
Nucleotides
What are nucleotides composed of?
- Nitrogenous base
- Monosaccharide
- Phosphate group
Main types of nucleic acids
DNA and RNA
What two ways can nucleotides vary?
- Different nitrogenous bases (A,T,G,C in DNA)
- Different sugar (Deoxyribose - DNA, Ribose - RNA)
ATP
Key energy transfer molecule
How does ATP work?
Exergonic reaction: makes energy by breaking off the third Phosphate group (lots of energy in phosphate bonds)
ATP – ADP cycle
-ATP: adenine, ribose, triphosphate.
-Break off 3rd phosphate group via hydrolysis. Releases phosphate and energy.
-ADP: Adenine, ribose, diphosphate
-Add phosphate group to ADP via Phosphorylation and absorb energy from food
- Back to ATP
4 Characteristics of a lipid
- Not a polymer
- Hydrophobic organic molecule (will settle if left to stand)
- High ratio of H to O
- 9 cal per gram
Forms of lipids
Triglycerides (fats)
Phospholipids
Steroids
Cholesterol is what and does what?
-The parent steroid: can be converted to other steroids
-Endocrine system: signaling and hormonal control
Triglyceride structure
-Glycerol molecule HEAD
-3 fatty acid molecules TAILS
Fatty acid:
Structure, made via, hydro-what?, function?
-2-24 carbon atoms, methyl end, carboxyl end
-Made via dehydration synthesis
-Energy source in triglycerides
-Hydrophobic: no charge
Triglyceride functions
-long-term energy storage
– protection/cushion
– insulation
Phospholipid structure
– clothespin:
-Phosphate group HEAD:
hydrophilic
-fatty acid TAILS –
hydrophobic
-Amphipathic
Clinical application of anabolic – androgenic steroids
-Hormones derived from testosterone
-Stimulate muscle growth
-Masculinization
-Recreationally used to enhance performance
-Illegal
Carbohydrates:
Functions, components, examples
Functions: dietary energy, storage, plant storage
Components: monosaccharide
EX: glucose galactose lactose sucrose lactose maltose
Lipids:
Functions, components, examples
Functions: long-term energy storage (fats) , Whore moans (steroids)
Components: triglyceride – glycerol and fatty acids
Examples: fats (triglycerides), steroids (testosterone, estrogen)
Proteins:
Functions, components, examples
Functions: enzymes, structure, storage, contraction, transport, etc.
Components: amino acid: carbon with H, amino group, carboxyl group, R group
EX: lactase (enzyme), hemoglobin (transport protein)
Nucleic acid:
Functions, components, Examples
Functions: information storage
Components: Nucleotide = base, sugar, phosphate
EX: DNA, RNA
