Chapter 2.3

Question 1

Energy

Answer 1

The capacity to do work

Question 2

Work

Answer 2

To move something

(Ex: Breaking chemical bonds, building molecules, pumping blood, contracting skeletal muscles, etc.)

Question 3

Potential energy

Answer 3

Stored energy

Ex: water behind a dam

Question 4

Kinetic energy

Answer 4

Energy of motion; energy that is doing work

Ex: Water flowing through a damn

Question 5

Chemical energy

Answer 5

Potential energy stored in the bonds of molecules

Question 6

Which type of energy is Heat Energy? What does it do to reactions?

Answer 6

The kinetic energy of molecular motion.
Temperature measures rate of motion.
> heat = >molecular motion

Question 7

Electromagnetic energy

Answer 7

The kinetic energy of moving “packets“ of radiation called photons

Ex: light

Question 8

Electrical energy

Answer 8

Potential energy of charged particles
AND
Kinetic energy of the charge particles moving and creating an electrical current

Question 9

Free energy

Answer 9

Energy stored in the chemical bonds of organic molecules

Question 10

Chemical reaction

Answer 10

Covalent or ionic bonds are formed or broken

Question 11

Chemical equation

Answer 11

Reactants on the left, products on the right, with an arrow between.

Ex: ethanol + Oxygen —> acetic acid + water
Wine turning to vinegar if left out

Question 12

Decomposition reactions

Answer 12

A large molecule breaks down into two or more small ones

Ex: 1 starch molecule into lots of glucose molecules, and then the glucoses to water and carbon dioxide molecules

Question 13

Exchange reactions

Answer 13

Two molecules exchange atoms or groups of atoms AB + CD —> AC + BD

Ex: When stomach acid (HCl) enters the small intestine, the pancreas secretes sodium bicarbonate to neutralize it
NaHCO3 + HCl —> NaCl + H2CO3

Question 14

Reversible reactions

Answer 14

Can go in either direction under different circumstances; Determined by the relative abundance of substances on each side of the equation

Question 15

Law of mass action

Answer 15

Reversible reactions proceed from the reactants in greater quantity to the substances with the lesser quantity

Question 16

Equilibrium

Answer 16

The ratio of products to reactants is stable

Question 17

Reaction rate in concentration

Answer 17

Increase when the reactions are more concentrated; crowded molecules collide more frequently

Question 18

Reaction rate and temperature

Answer 18

Reaction rate increases as the temperature rises; he causes rapid movement and more collision force and frequency

Question 19

Reaction rates and catalysts

Answer 19

A kind of speeds up the reaction and can repeat it again

Ex: Enzymes

Question 20

Metabolism

Answer 20

All of the chemical reactions in the body

Question 21

Catabolism 

Answer 21

The sum of all decomposition reactions. Energy releasing

Break covalent bonds, produce smaller molecules from larger ones, and release energy used for work

Question 22

Decomposition

Answer 22

Larger molecules broken down into smaller ones

Ex: Digestion and cell respiration

Question 23

Endergonic reactions

Answer 23

require a net energy input, more total free energy

Question 24

Oxidation:
Type of reaction and what it does

Answer 24

Exergonic reaction; molecule gives up electrons (H or H2) and releases energy —> product is oxidized

Question 25

Oxidizing agent

Answer 25

Electron acceptor;

often oxygen (O added to a molecule like in rust) but not always (like when yeast ferments glucose to ethanol—> less oxygen present)

Question 26

Reduction

Answer 26

Endergonic reaction; donates electrons to reactant (product reduced)

Oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions

Question 27

Reducing agent

Answer 27

Electron donor

Question 28

Synthesis

Answer 28

Two or more smaller molecules are combined into a larger one

Ex: Protein and glycogen synthesis

Question 29

Anabolism: 

Answer 29

The sum of all synthesis reactions in the body