Ch 3 3.4

Question 1

Cytoskeleton

Answer 1

Network of protein filament/tubules that:
– support cell
– determine shape
– organize Content
– move materials in cell
– help with cell motility

Question 2

Three major parts of cytoskeleton

Answer 2

1. Microfilaments
   2.Intermediate filaments
2. Microtubules

Question 3

Microfilaments: description (size and protein)

Answer 3

Thin filaments made up of the protein actin
6 nm thick

Question 4

Microfilaments function:

Answer 4

Provide physical support
Can be branched
Form terminal web

Question 5

Microfilaments example:

Answer 5

Microvilli

Question 6

Intermediate filaments description: size and protein

Answer 6

Made up of a variety of proteins like keratin
8 to 10 nm thick

Question 7

Intermediate filaments function:

Answer 7

Provides cell shape
Resist outside forces

Question 8

Intermediate filaments example:

Answer 8

Nuclear lamina

Question 9

Microtubules description

Answer 9

-Cylindrical Protofilaments made up of protein tubulin
-Motor proteins move along microtubules
-25 nm thick

Question 10

Microtubules  Function

Answer 10

-Maintain cell shape/hold organelles
-Act as tracks for motor proteins

Question 11

Microtubules examples

Answer 11

-Axonemes of cilia and flagella
-Mitotic spindle

Question 12

Membranous organelles

Answer 12

– Nucleus
– mitochondria
– lysosomes
– peroxisome’s
– endoplasmic reticulum
-Golgi complex

Question 13

Non-membranous organelles

Answer 13

– Ribosomes
– centrosomes
–Centrioles
–Basal bodies

Question 14

Nucleus function and and what’s in it

Answer 14

Function : Holds genetic information in chromatin
Structure: Nuclear envelope and nuclear pores
Nuclear lamina
Nucleolus

Question 15

Nuclear lamina made of what it does what?

Answer 15

Intermediate filaments that support membrane

Question 16

Nucleolus

Answer 16

Tiny organelle inside of nucleus that produces ribosomes

Question 17

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 17

Function: protein modification and creation of phospholipids
Structure continuous with nuclear membrane; has interconnected channels called cisterns; studded with ribosomes

Question 18

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 18

Function: detoxification and steroid synthesis
Structure: no ribosomes; membranous projection outside of nucleus; interconnected channels called cisterns

Question 19

Ribosomes

Answer 19

Function: protein synthesis
Structure: free or embedded

Question 20

Golgi apparatus/complex

Answer 20

Function: Helps make secretory vesicles and lysosomes (Golgi vesicles)
Structure: sac-like cisterns stacked
Stuff travels through Cys face —>trans face (sis maturation)

Question 21

Lysosomes: function and structure

Answer 21

-Function: Break down organelles/molecules/recycling; autophagy Through phagocytosis; aid in apoptosis
-Structure: package of enzymes and very acidic

Question 22

Autofagy

Answer 22

Cleaning up inside cell

Question 23

Apoptosis

Answer 23

Programmed cell death (in lysosome)

Question 24

Peroxisomes: 3 functions and structure

Answer 24

Function:
-help oxidize Organic molecules
-Neutralize free radicals and detox from drugs
-Breakdown fatty acids
Structure: major component is hydrogen peroxide

Question 25

Proteasomes

Answer 25

Function: break down proteins

Question 26

Mitochondria

Answer 26

Function: synthesize ATP
Structure: double membranous
Cristae
Matrix
Has its own mtDNA

Question 27

Mitochondria cristae

Answer 27

Internal infoldings of mitochondria to help increase surface area for more ATP generation area

Question 28

Matrix

Answer 28

Space inside mitochondria

Question 29

mtDNA allows mitochondria to do what?

Answer 29

allows it to create necessary proteins needed for its electron transport chain and maintain integrity of mitochondria

Question 30

Endosymbiotic theory

Answer 30

Larger cell engulfed a smaller bacterial cell that was able to function inside larger cell. Symbiotic relationship. Smaller cell lost functions over time and became more specific while mtDNA and ability to replicate stayed

Question 31

Evidence of Endo symbiotic theory (4)

Answer 31

1. Mitochondrial ribosomes resemble bacterial ribosomes
2. mtDNA Resembles circular DNA of bacteria
3. mtDNA inherited through mother
   4. mtDNA mutates more rapidly than nuclear DNA (ever-changing)

Question 32

Centrioles

Answer 32

– Play large role in cell division
– organizing center for microtubules
– help make centrosome