Ch 14: CNS: Brain

Question 1

Rostral

Answer 1

Front most part, towards the nose or forehead

Question 2

Caudal

Answer 2

Towards the tail/ spinal cord, down

Question 3

Sulci

Answer 3

Ridges in brain

Question 4

Gyri

Answer 4

Thick folds

Question 5

Longitudinal fissure

Answer 5

Divides right and left hemisphere

Question 6

Cerebrum

Answer 6

Higher order processing and key nerved tracks for sensory and motor function.
Important features:
-Gyri and sulci
-Longitudinal fissure
-Corpus callosum

Question 7

Cerebellum

Answer 7

Large part in background functions. Second largest part of the brain, but over 50% of its neurons. Arbor vitae

Question 8

Brainstem

Answer 8

Inferior to cerebellum, extends to spinal cord.
Includes:
– diencephalon
– midbrain
– pons
– medulla oblongata

Question 9

Gray matter includes what? Where?

Answer 9

Cell bodies, dendrites, and synapse.
Cerebral cortex on top and nuclei deeper in brain

Question 10

White matter is where and has what?

Answer 10

Lies deep to gray matter
Princess of neuronal tracts (Bundles of axons)
White because of myelination on axons


Question 11

Layers of meninges from Superficial to deep

Answer 11

1. Dura mater
2. Arachnoid mater
3. Pia mater

Question 12

Meningitis: cause, result, symptoms, diagnosis

Answer 12

• Bacterial or viral invasion of CNS through nose and throat.
  -Can cause swelling of brain, enlargement of ventricles, and hemorrhage
  -High fever, stiff neck, drowsiness, intense headache. Coma then death fast
  -Diagnosis obtained CSF from lumbar puncture

Question 13

First and second ventricles

Answer 13

Two lateral ventricles form arc in each hemisphere. CSF passes into next ventricle through interventricular foramen

Question 14

Third ventricle

Answer 14

Narrow medial space Beneath corpus callosum

Question 15

Fourth ventricle

Answer 15

Small triangular chamber between pons and cerebellum; from there goes into spinal cord

Question 16

What kind of cells produce cerebrospinal fluid?

Answer 16

Ependymal cells

Question 17

Cerebrospinal fluid

Answer 17

Clearing coldest with liquid that sells ventricles of CNS and washes over brain and tissues

Question 18

Purpose of cerebral spinal fluid

Answer 18

Buoyancy
Protection
Cleanse

Question 19

Cerebral spinal fluid flows continuously through the CNS, driven by what?

Answer 19

It’s own pressure gradient
Beating of Ependymal cilia
Call stations of the brain produced by each heartbeat

Question 20

Blood brain barrier in brain Consists of:

Answer 20

Tight junctions between endothelial cells on blood vessels.
Assisted by astrocytes

Question 21

Blood brain barrier is highly permeable to what?

Answer 21

Water, glucose, oxygen, carbon dioxide, anesthetics, alcohol

Question 22

Blood brain barrier has a little bit of permeability to what?

Answer 22

Sodium and potassium

Question 23

Drug delivery for Parkinson’s: L – Dopa

Answer 23

Dopamine can’t pass through BBB, but L – dopa can, then converts to dopamine

Question 24

Components of brainstem

Answer 24

1. Diencephalon Above Brainstem
2. Midbrain
   3. Pons
3. Medulla oblongata
   

Question 25

Diencephalon: where? What’s in it?

Answer 25

Enclosed is third ventricle, right above brainstem; works directly with cerebrum 1. Thalamus 2. Hypothalamus 3. Pineal gland

Question 26

Thalamus: where and what?

Answer 26

Mass right above brainstem. Relay station made lots of nuclei with that process and relay information

Question 27

Hypothalamus

Answer 27

Major homeostatic control mechanisms: controls a NS, emotional response, temperature, eating habits, water balance, sleep/wake, endocrine

Question 28

Pineal gland (epithalamus)

Answer 28

Very small part of tissue Controls many endocrine functions

Question 29

Medulla oblongata

Answer 29

Lots of different neuronal tracts that pass into spinal cord go through here. Signal goes from Cerebrum, through diencephalon, through medulla oblongata

Question 30

Pons

Answer 30

Middle part of brain stem, some sensory cranial nerves come through here

Question 31

Purkinje cells

Answer 31

Have lots of dendrites and they can receive lots of signaling input

Question 32

Cerebellum

Answer 32

-Motor coordination and muscle contraction. -Sensory, linguistic, emotional, and other non-motor functions -Sense of time

Question 33

Cerebral Tracts extend into

Answer 33

Spinal column; help with ability to sense things and command movement

Question 34

Three kinds of cerebral tracts

Answer 34

1. Projection 2. Commissural 3. Association

Question 35

Projection tracts

Answer 35

Carry info from cerebrum to other parts of body , Or from other parts of body to the cerebrum

Question 36

Commissural tracts

Answer 36

Go from one hemisphere to another, OR anterior to posterior/posterior to anterior

Question 37

Association tracts

Answer 37

Go to same side of hemisphere, different part

Question 38

Limbic system

Answer 38

Part of cerebrum in forebrain. Primary components: - cingulate gyrus – hippocampus – amygdala

Question 39

Cingulate gyrus

Answer 39

Arches over corpus callosum in frontal and parietal lobes

Question 40

Hippocampus

Answer 40

And medial temporal lobe; memory functions Pain and pleasure

Question 41

Amygdala

Answer 41

Immediately rostral to hippocampus Emotion functions Pain and pleasure